A Vasoplegic Syndrome Case - 997 Words

Vasoplegic syndrome is a severe vasodilatory shock characterised by hypotension, tachycardia, normal or elevated cardiac output, decrease in systemic vascular resistance, poor or no response to fluid resuscitation and vasopressor administration [1]. Though it is commonly seen during cardiac surgery, it is also been reported during non cardiac surgery [2,3]. The incidence of vasoplegic syndrome is 8-10% in cardiac surgery [4], and its risk factors include intravenous heparin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, renin angiotensin system antagonists, protamine use, myocardial dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, presence of pre-cardiopulmonary bypass hemodynamic instability, increased duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and ventricular device insertion [5]. We present a case of successful management of vasoplegic syndrome the developed perioperatively following Whipple’s procedure. Report A 76yr old 52kg male, was schedule for Whipple’s procedure for carcinoma head of pancreas. He was a known hypertensive of enalapril and poorly controlled diabetic on insulin. His preoperative investigations were unremarkable except of elevated HbA1C. The proposed procedure was planned under general anaesthesia with thoracic epidural, for which the patient consented. After instituting appropriate monitoring thoracic epidural catheter was placed in T7-T8 interspace before induction of general anaesthesia. General anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2mcg. kg-1 and propofol 2mg.kg-1, andShow MoreRelatedA Case Report Of Probable Vasoplegic Syndrome1482 Words   |  6 Pageshypotension in prone position is a challenge to anaesthesiologists and more so if this hypotension is complicated by non responsiveness to conventional therapy. This non-responsiveness may be due to vasoplegic syndrome. We cite here a case report of probable vasoplegic syndrome in prone position. Case report: A 52 year old male patient weighing 70 Kg, diagnosed with D9-D11 ligamentum flavum hypertrophy with canal stenosis was posted for laminectomy in prone position. He was a known hypertensive andRead MoreThe Concept Of Critical Care Nursing3148 Words   |  13 Pagesintegrate these sophisticated technologies and interventions to deliver competent, evidence-based and holistic care to critically ill patients (Morton Fontaine, 2013). The aim of this written assignment is to present an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) case of Diltiazem Overdose (Deliberate self-Harm) who was admitted in a large metropolitan hospital in New Zealand (NZ). Care provided to Mr. Jack (pseudonym) will be discussed and evaluated, with main focus on the nursing care delivered which contributed

A Monkey And His Disease - 1941 Words

A Monkey and His Disease The day of his death was a scary day. His arms turned blue and pale, had tubes going into them to keep him alive; His face turned almost grey but eventually, the disease won this battle. The death certificate said he died of HIV/AIDS complications at approximately 3:32 p.m. The knowledge of HIV/AIDS treatment has progressed over the past sixty years due to scientific advancements making Huxley’s quote: â€Å"But I don t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin,† negative to historical figures but positive to people who are living in the new generation. Finding the origins of AIDS in a chimpanzee traumatically changed society and ever since 1950,†¦show more content†¦This caused the defect of the human’s immune system, making it easier for any person with this disorder to become more susceptible to diseases that people with a healthy immune system usually will not get. Bette Korber created a model which estimated any virus ‘age but since HIV is an unusual virus because it changes its own DNA by mutation and recombination, they could not really find the origin of it which is also why it is so hard to make a vaccine for this virus which is why they only used this machine to find the oldest age of that strain. Ever since the discovery of this, it has been much of a huge commotion. This commotion has been so big, ever since the origin date came about; scientists have been finding ways to cure this disease. The tools created to make medicine for AIDS patients have been very helpful and important to society. Ever since tools were created to make medicine to reduce the symptoms of AIDS, doctors have been doing everything they can to provide patients with the correct care so that they can survive. Due to this, people have gone far enough to the point where they made medicine cheaper and affordable by insurance making it available for many classes of people. â€Å"We won’t see the end of AIDS,† says Gates, in terms of there being no cure therefore it’s not much of a point in not making the medicine cheaper. The tools to cure

Clinical Practice Reflection

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Practice Reflection. Answer: Introduction: Leadership can be described as a quality that influences the people for achieving any purpose or any set of goals. However, leadership and management are not the same and differentiating leadership from the management results in the origin of confusion in many cases. It is quite evident that all leaders can be good managers but not every manager can be an effective leader, hence, making the leadership a vital aspect of better and effective management (Chapparamani Jyothi, 2011). The work of various behavioral theorists provides insights into the democratic, autocratic, and laissez-faire styles of leadership, which impacts the organizational performance to a large extent. Despite the several conceptualizations based on the leadership, there are many authors that agree on the fact that leadership is a process, which includes influence, takes place in groups, needs an adaptive and goal seeking approach, as well as, occurs at all the levels. No doubt that leader are the ordinary people only who perform extraordinary things through the better use of power in formulating the future. Hence, this implies that the individuals as leaders are judged mostly by the consequences based on their behavior in spite of their physical characteristics (Thomas, Bellin, Jules, Lynton, 2012). This essay is basically a reflective essay based on the experience during clinical practice, which will reflect my own leadership qualities demonstration and development and the process that helped in analyzing the situation and implications of the leadership roles in the future. As we all know that nursing leadership compasses from staff nursing involved in caring the patient to the nurse who is an in charge of a hospital, the nurses should acquire the effective and appropriate leadership skills. Nursing leadership requires to be focused on the people, as well as, on the problem-solving ability in an ever demanding atmosphere of the health care system (Nazarko, 2004). Hence, with the use of Gibbs reflective cycle, I will reflect on the incidence of care that I was involved in during my clinical placement. As Gibbs cycle involves six different stages it will improve my learning from the situation I experience and will help in improving my nursing practice in the future. The Gibbs cycle involves the description of the situation, analysis of the personal feelings that I have experienced during the situation, evaluation of the overall experience I had from this situation, analysis of the situation, conclusion, and action plan which will prepare in case the same situation arises in the future (Black Plowright, 2010). Reflection is helpful in generating the practical knowledge, leads to the development of the self-esteem, helps an individual in assisting the abilities that will help in adaptation to the new situations, and generates satisfaction towards the professionalizing practice. It is the process of gaining confidence, improvement, self-awareness, and learning things from own behavior and mistakes that improve the future through the process of learning from the past (Gomez, 2014). Moreover, through the process of reflection one can have a good understanding of the things they do and what can limit our abilities, thus providing the opportunity for improving the way an individual can care in a health care system (Duffy, 2007). To use the situation for my reflective essay, I would not use the original personal details of the patient. To protect the patients identity, as well as, to maintain the clients confidentiality, I will address the patient as Joy, as according to the NMC code of professional conduct, it is the duty of a health practitioner to protect the information of the patient and should treat the information as confidential unless it is required for the given purpose with the consent of the patient ("Nursing Midwifery Council Code Of Professional Conduct", 2002). During my clinical practice placement, I once got a chance to assist a patient named Joy who was a 70-year-old man and was shifted from an emergency department. The patient was suffering from urinary retention and had a considerable pain. During his handover, my mentor and I were told that we have to take care of Joy on that shift, and were also requested to change the dressing of Joys right leg as his right leg was ulcerated due to the condition called as Peripheral Vascular Disease. Moreover, due to this disease, Joy also had an amputation of his left leg below the knee a few years ago due to which he was mobilized with the help of a wheelchair. It was quite evident during his handover that Joy was very difficult for the past two days. Further, the nurse in charge of the emergency department told us that he used to throw things across his room and used to press the nurse call button constantly and was shouting throughout the day. He had also denied changing his pajamas and didnt have a wash. After his handover from the emergency department, my mentor told me that we should now change the dressing of Joy but he should be first cleaned and get him changed and if I could assist her in that. We then gathered the required equipment from the treatment area and proceeded towards Joy's room. As soon as I entered his room, I saw that Joy was sitting on his bed and was quite tense. I then introduced myself to him as a stu dent nurse and asked his consent to assist in his washing and changing clothes. He looked and shouted as soon as he asked his consent. He said that he only wants to see the doctor and stated that he didnt smoke a cigarette for the past couple of days. I explained him very politely that I would be assisting in changing and applying the dressing of his right leg and prior to it he should have a wash, as well as, change his clothes. I then continued to engage him in the conversation by maintaining a slow and soft tone. Further, I asked him that should I send a cup of tea for him after the procedure. I noticed a change in his body language and he was softened in his language and smiled with the approval of sending a tea. I smiled and repeated that if he could allow me to assist in washing and changing clothes in a very polite and relaxed posture. Joy allowed me and I proceeded in maintaining the personal hygiene and cleanliness with dignity and respect. Moreover, with Joys cooperation w e were able to proceed with changing his dressing. Through this clinical practice situation, I experienced different feelings. As the nurse in charge created a negative picture of Joy during the initial handover and described him to be difficult, I wondered why the patient was so demanding and aggressive. I felt very nervous and anxious during the handover as it was the first time I was going to assist the patient directly and did not have enough experience of dealing with the situation. However, after meeting Joy I was clear about the reason why he was frustrated and angry. To my notice, I observed that there was no wheelchair in Joys room, and without a wheelchair, Joy was just confined to his bed, which led to the loss of his autonomy. Further, it was clear that Joy was a smoker and he was not put on nicotine replacement therapy for helping him to cope up with the withdrawal symptoms. Hence, the loss of his autonomy and inability to cope up with the withdrawal symptoms has made him feel frustrated and angry. On analysis of his sit uation, I also felt frustration for him and at the same time made me angry. From the situation, I evaluated that there was a breakdown in the development of the nurse-patient communication and relationship, which made the patient frustrated and angry (Evans, 2013). The communication skills and compassion of the nurse in charge was not sufficient for understanding the patient. She was not listening to the clients requests and was not showing an empathetic attitude towards the client, which is very much required for the development of a healthy therapeutic relationship amongst the two (Hodson, 2013). This incident enables me to self-examine and to find out my short fallings that I had to the incident. Moreover, I was able to associate theory to the practice through this incident. The foremost quality of a good leader is having good communication skills (McGough, 2007). Through this incident I realized that I had the communication skill as an outcome of communicating with Joy was positive and the personal hygiene goal was met. Self-awareness is considered to be the foundation of an effective management and is an important quality and skill required in leadership. To provide high standard care and improving the performance one must require management of the cognitive, behavioral, and affective self to engage the health care professional in therapeutic relationships (Pavlovich, Collins, Jones, 2008). It involves an understanding of own beliefs, motivations, thoughts, limitations, biases and recognizing their impact on the provision of the health care services. It is very necessary being a student nurse that there must be complete awareness of strengths, as well as, weaknesses (Martin, 2012). The incident made me realize that I was not comfortable in questioning the nursing care and should have acted in a more assertive manner as Joys basic needs were ignored. However, in the future I will be more assertive and will question if there is any bad practice or needs of patients are not carried out properly in the future, because as per NMC, the person is accountable for their own omissions and actions in the practice and one should always be capable of justifying their own decisions (Sutcliffe, 2011). The situation needed the implementation of the interpersonal skills, both verbal and nonverbal communication technique. Nonverbal communication can be described as the transmittance of information without speaking. Joys body language clearly indicated the anxiety and tension he was having and hence, approaching Joy with empathetic attitude ensured that his participation in the communication is appreciated and he was understood (Peate, 2009). Verbal communication was enhanced by utilizing the facial expression, as well as, paraverbal communication, which included pitch, tone, volume, and speed while speaking, hence communicating in a soft tone added more meaning and value to the words (Hofert, Burke, Balighian, Serwint, 2015). The participation in the clinical practice and through Gibbs's reflective cycle, Im able to recognize the way of putting the learning experience as a useful asset in my clinical practice in the future as a nursing professional. In case, I have to face the same kind of situation in the future, I learned that I require to show more assertiveness and should show the courage of questioning the attitude of the nurse at an initial stage as 'bad practice' is not acceptable. If I feel that the patients requirements are not fulfilled, my primary consideration must be the protection of the safety and interest of the patient as per the NMC Code of Professional Conduct ("Nursing Midwifery Council Code Of Professional Conduct", 2002). The nurse plays a vital role during the provision of healthcare services to the patient. The development of the therapeutic relation between the nurse and the patient is very important. By use of effective communication skills a good and effective therapeutic relation can be developed (Peate, 2009). From this experience and through this reflection, I learned that the use of communication skill is the most important and necessary skill for carrying out the care of the patient. Moreover, I was able to demonstrate the importance of ethical practice and one should always objectify if the needs of the patient are not met. Further, the development of effective communication needs as much consideration and practice as is required by other aspects of nursing (Disser, 2003). References Black, P. Plowright, D. (2010). A multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ dimensional model of reflective learning for professional development.Reflective Practice,11(2), 245-258. Chapparamani, D. Jyothi, P. (2011). Review of Literature on Leadership and Leadership Qualities.IJAR,4(2), 7-9. Disser, A. (2003). The path from good to great for the nurse leader: Demonstrating the practice of nursing.Nurse Leader,1(4), 30-32. Duffy, A. (2007). A concept analysis of reflective practice: determining its value to nurses.British Journal Of Nursing,16(22), 1400-1407. Evans, D. (2013). The provision of health and social care services for older people by respite providers.Contemporary Nurse,45(2), 255-263. Gomez, C. (2014). Become a better unit leader through self-reflection, awareness.Recruiting Retaining Adult Learners,17(3), 9-9. Hodson, M. (2013). Compassion, Caring and Communication: Skills for Nursing Practice Compassion, Caring and Communication: Skills for Nursing Practice.Nursing Management,20(6), 11-11. Hofert, S., Burke, M., Balighian, E., Serwint, J. (2015). Improving Provider-Patient Communication: A Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Skills Curriculum.Mededportal Publications. Martin, E. (2012). How self-awareness helps a physician become a leader.Clinics In Dermatology,30(2), 248-250. McGough, G. (2007). Communication Skills for Nursing PracticeCommunication Skills for Nursing Practice.Nursing Standard,21(17), 30-30. Nazarko, L. (2004). Developing skills to perfect the art of communication.Nurs Residential Care,6(1), 8-12. Nursing Midwifery Council Code Of Professional Conduct. (2002).Nursing Ethics,9(6), 674-680. Pavlovich, K., Collins, E., Jones, G. (2008). Developing Students' Skills in Reflective Practice: Design and Assessment.Journal Of Management Education,33(1), 37-58. Peate, I. (2009). Communication and Interpersonal Skills for NursesCommunication and Interpersonal Skills for Nurses.Nursing Standard,24(14), 30-30. Sutcliffe, H. (2011). Understanding the NMC code of conduct: a student perspective.Nursing Standard,25(52), 35-39. Thomas, R., Bellin, J., Jules, C., Lynton, N. (2012). Global leadership teams: diagnosing three essential qualities.Strategy Leadership,40(3), 25-29.

sanat sanat iindir Essays - Erine, Yaban, Nasl, Unun, Bayeux, Tpk

Sanat, sanat i?in midir, yoksa toplum i?in mi? 'Sanat, sanat i?in midir, yoksa toplum i?in mi?' Lise y?llar?m?zda, okullar aras?nda yap?lan m?nazaralar?n demirba? konular?ndan biri de buydu! ?ki taraf da savunduklar? teze uygun kan?tlar bulmaya u?rarlar; sonunda retmenlerden olu?an j?ri, taraflardan birini galip ilan ederdi... Bu ikilem, beni her zaman tedirgin etmi?tir. Sanat?n toplum i?in oldu?u sav?, bana birka? y?nden, 'Bedreddin ?zerine ?iirler'i, 'Do?u ?iirleri'ni ve 'Mustafa Subhi ?zerine ?iirler'i yazdm y?llarda bile, ikna edici bir tez gibi g?r?nmemi?tir. Bunun birka? nedeni var: ?lki, sanat?n t?pk? felsefe gibi, gayesinin kendi i?inde (ya da, kendine) olmas? gerekti?ini dn?yor olmamd?r. Daha ?nce de yazd?m: Felsefenin bir praksis olarak gayesinin kendinde oldu?u (eupraxia auto telos), ilk defa Aristoteles taraf?ndan ?ne s?r?lmt?r. Felsefenin gayesi, nas?l ki, felsefe yapman?n verdi?i entelekt?el haz idiyse, sanat?n gayesi de sanat yapman?n verdi?i haz olmal?d?r: Estetik haz! Do?all?kla bu durum, felsefeyi ve sanat? yapanlar i?in oldu?u kadar, onu al?mlayanlar i?in de ge?erli olmak gerekir. ?te yandan, sanat?n toplum i?in oldu?u sav?, antropolojik adan da sorunlu bir konudur. Nedeni ?u: Sanat?n estetik fonksiyonunun dnda bir gayesi olu?u, ancak sanatla zenaatin veya sanat?n b?y? ve din ile olan bir arada olu?una ili?kindir. Lascaux ve Altamira'daki ma?ara resimleri, insan?n avc?l?k ve toplay?c?l?kla ya?am?n? yeniden ?retti?i (ge?imini sa?lad) yaban toplumun ?r?nleridir. Ma?ara resimlerinin gayesi, avlama i?ini kolayla?t?racak b?y? objeleri olmalar?ndad?r;- daha fazlas? de?il! Bayeux hal?lar? da, orta?a? ?atolar?ndaki hava ak?mlar?n? kesmek gayesiyle ?retilmi?lerdir. Bug?n i?in bu gayeye y?nelik bir kullan?m fonksiyonu s?zkonusu olmad i?in, Bayeux hal?lar? sadece estetik fonksiyonu ile sanat objesi olarak m?zede sergilenmektedir. Sanat?n toplum i?in olmas? onun estetik (haz) fonksiyonunun ('auto telos'unun) geriye itilmesi, onun gayesi dnda kullan?lmas? anlam?nda, kullan?m fonksiyonunun ?ne kmas? demektir. Bir sanat objesi (mesela, bir ?iir, bir resim) toplum i?in ?retildi?i sav?yla ortaya k?yorsa bu, onun t?pk? ma?ara resimlerinde ve Bayeux hal?lar?nda oldu?u gibi, estetik fonksiyonunun geriye itildi?i ve kullan?m fonksiyonunun ?ne kar?ld anlam?na gelir. Buradan ?una var?yoruz: Naz?m Hikmet ve Necip Faz?l gibi b?y?k ?airlerin b?y?kl, onlar?n belirli bir ideolojik ba?lamda toplum i?in yaz?yor olmalar?nda, yani ?iirin kullan?m fonksiyonunu ?ne karmalar?nda de?il, ?iirlerinin kullan?m fonksiyonu g?z ard? edildi?inde estetik bir haz veriyor olmalar?nda aranmal?d?r. nk? ger?ekten baz? ?iirlerinin ideolojik g?ndermelerinin (mesela Naz?m'?n 'D?rt Mapushaneden' ?iirlerinde, ya da Necip Faz?l'?n 'Sakarya' ?iirinde) ?ne kmadn? s?ylemek m?mk?nd?r. Do?all?kla bu durum, Naz?m Hikmet'in ve Necip Faz?l'?n, ideolojik anlamda kullan?m fonksiyonunun g?z ard? edilmesi m?mk?n olmayan toplumcu ?iirleri i?in ge?erli olamaz... Dikkat edildiyse, Necip Faz?l i?in de 'toplumcu' nitelemesini kullan?yorum. 'Toplumcu' ?iirin, bana g?re elbet, dar anlamda 'sosyalist' bir ?iir olmas? gerekmiyor: Mesela Mehmet Akif de toplumcu ama M?sl?man bir ?airdir ve elbette sosyalist de?il! Belki de Adorno'nun s?yledi?i gibi, subjektif duygular? dilegetiren lirik ?iirler, kan?lmaz olarak bireyci ?iirler olmak zorunda de?ildir; lirik ?iirlerin de Adorno'nun deyi?iyle 'ideolojinin ?rtbas etti?ini aa kartma' gibi bir kullan?m fonksiyonu olabilir. Ama bu, 'aa karma'n?n, Heidegger'ci anlamda 'aletheia', yani, 'if?a etme' anlam?nda Hakikat'i imliyor olup olmad, ayr? bir yaz? konusudur.

PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report

PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report Purpose This analytical report provides quarterly PCs shipment from the second quarter 2011 to the same quarter 2012. It would allow PC vendors to evaluate and measure their sales performances against their major rivals worldwide. As a result, they would be able to adopt new sales strategies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report provides data on previous shipments of PCs. Therefore, PC manufacturers can use it to predict future PC shipments globally. Summary During the financial period of 2012 in the second quarter, PC shipments declined as compared to the same period the previous year. The general decline was 0.1 percent based on data from the International Data Corporation (IDC). The graph indicates that HP might lose its position to Lenovo. Overall, the market is cautious as innovative products emerge. Thus, new strategies are necessary fo r PC vendors. Outlook Overall, the worldwide PC market experienced a decline in shipments. The IDC noted that the actual results did not match earlier projections of 2.1 percent growth every year. There were limited demands from major PC distribution channels within the first quarter of the year 2012. Most distribution channels did not want to increase their inventories before some PC firms could launch their new products. Consumer apathy had contributed to low purchasing of PCs. They noted that it was not strategic to purchase PCs in a rapidly evolving technology environment. Consumers expected new products in the market. For instance, many waited for the launch of Windows 8. In addition, others did not spend on PCs because of high prices. Demands for PCs have been low in the US and Europe.   However, the wave of low demands increased in other regions like Asia. This marked a dismal performance for the year.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: PCs Unit Ship 2011-2012 From the results, IDC could validate its projections for the second quarter of 2012. IDC had noted that the second quarter was a transition period in which consumers’ anticipation for new products and pricing factors played major roles to slow down PC shipment globally (IDC, 2012). The introduction of new products and operating systems were critical in addressing the slow growth of PC shipments. These would assist distribution channels and consumers to know what to purchase. The Graph HP HP was the top PC vendor worldwide, but it experienced a decline in most regions. Slow market conditions had created unfavorable conditions for HP. In addition, distributors aimed to adapt to market changes. Lenovo The vendor held the second position. However, Lenovo reduced the difference between itself and HP. Analysts believe that the growth of Lenovo would also decline in th e coming quarters. Dell The manufacturer experienced significant declines over the period. Dell’s market shares declined while its target market segments did not perform well.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Acer Acer recorded a steady shipment within the quarters. It was able to be ahead of other competitors. Although its European market had recovered, Acer faced declines in demands from other regions. ASUS ASUS has grown steadily over the quarters in most regions. Most of its shipments originated from Asian and EMEA regions. The vendor’s steady growth has spread to other regions too. Regional Outlook The US The US market performed poorly than previously anticipated. It recorded a decline of 10.6 percent. Most vendors and suppliers faced declining demands for PCs. There was no incentive for buyers while others decided to wait for ne w products. Lenovo increased its market share against its major competitor in the US market. It recorded a growth of 6.1 percent in PC shipments. Middle tier distributors are sensitive to market fluctuations because they lack extensive resources to strengthen their positions. EMEA- Europe, the Middle East and Africa EMEA region recorded a positive growth as earlier projected. Economic recovery in Western Europe was responsible for the growth. Central and Eastern Europe led the region as consumers’ demands for PCs increased. However, the growth remained positive but modest. Japan The country experienced a positive growth in the second quarter of 2012 despite poor performance in the first quarter. Most demands emanated from commercial sectors. The effect of the quake could have initiated demands for new PCs to replace the damaged ones. Asia and Pacific region The region experienced a slight decline in demands for PCs. Shipments had declined in India and China. Moreover, other m arkets also recorded slow growths. However, Lenovo performed well in this region.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Audience This analytical report targets product developers and sales departments in various PC firms. Recommendation The report reveals that PC manufacturers face a tough market ahead. Technological, economic, and consumer factors have contributed to declines in demands for PCs. Thus, PC vendors must take the following initiatives: Sales departments must adopt new sales strategies PC manufacturers must create incentive for buyers PC vendors should introduce new competitive products in the market Vendors must look for emerging markets and many distributors in different regions PC manufacturers must be innovative to match changes in technologies Report Conclusion Overall, PC shipment has declined globally. Projections indicate that shipments would decline as economic, technological, and consumer factors change. Consumers have slowed down purchases while distributors want to clear inventories in preparation for new technologies and economic conditions. PC vendors need new strategies in such dynamic markets. Reference IDC. (2012). Global PC Shipments Stalled in the Second Quarter While Buyers Remain Cautious And Market Waits For New Products. Web.

14 Quotes for a Funny Wedding Toast

14 Quotes for a Funny Wedding Toast If youve been asked to give a wedding toast, chances are youre taking your  role seriously. Perhaps too seriously! Often, the best wedding toasts start with a joke, even if they wind up with a sincere wish for the couples future happiness. Why Give a Funny Wedding Toast? Weddings  bring up complicated emotions. For the bride and groom, theres joy along with (in many cases) tremendous anxiety. Sometimes the anxiety is related to the very idea of a permanent commitment; other times its related to aspects of the wedding itself. Will the caterer show up? Will my divorced parents  get into a fight? Will Aunt Jane get drunk and fall into the wedding cake? Similarly, complex emotions come up for parents who are both thrilled and saddened as their child steps into a new role and a new stage of life. Siblings may be delighted, jealous, or even angry about some aspect of the wedding. Best friends may feel left behind. Humor is almost always the best way to break the ice, lower anxiety, and just have fun at a wedding. If youve been asked to give a  wedding toast, chances are you have a close relationship with either the bride, the groom, or both. That means you know which kinds of humor are likely to get a big laugh, and which wont. Funny Wedding Quotes to Choose From Not all of these famous quotes will be right for you, but youll almost certainly find one or two that connect with your particular wedding party! Henny YoungmanThe secret of a happy marriage remains a secret. John MiltonBiochemically, love is just like eating large amounts of chocolate. Henry KissingerNobody will ever win the battle of the sexes. There€s too much fraternizing with the enemy. Cathy CarlyleLove is an electric blanket with somebody else in control of the switch.​ SocratesBy all means, marry; if you get a good wife, youll be happy. If you get a bad one, youll become a philosopher. Rita RudnerI love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your life. Mickey RooneyAlways get married early in the morning. That way, if it doesnt work out, you havent wasted a whole day. Henny YoungmanI take my wife everywhere I go. She always finds her way back. Ralph Waldo EmersonA mans wife has more power over him than the state has. Honore de BalzacThe majority of husbands remind me of an orangutan trying to play the violin. Anne Bancroft The best way to get most husbands to do something is to suggest that perhaps theyre too old to do it. Erma Bombeck Marriage has no guarantees. If thats what youre looking for, go live with a car battery! Anonymous A good marriage is one where each partner secretly suspects they got the better deal. Winston  Churchill My most brilliant achievement was my ability to persuade my wife to marry me.

Standardization of English in the British Isles Coursework

Standardization of English in the British Isles - Coursework Example Standardization of the English language was achievable for Britain soon after the borrowing of numerous vocabularies from its colonies all over the globe. The English utilized by Britain was comprehensive or all-inclusive offering diversity to the language. English was rarely exploited before standardization since other languages such as Latin and Norman French were utilized in various distinctive fields of study and administration. However, the respectability of the English language progressively rose through the years in an attempt to acquire full standards. Standardization of English within the British Isles meant normalization, which is considered containment of any prevalent discretionary variations concerning the grammatical aspects (Trudgill 1984, 32). This implied that standardization could only be accomplished within the written channel.In view of changes that took place in presenting what is considered Standard English numerous restructurings were carried out to bring about these changes. Reconstructing pronunciation, therefore, can be considered, one of the elements that contributed to the standardization of the English language inside the British Isles (Cote 2006, 3). Writers between the 16th and 17th century imparted efforts on pronunciation. Reconstructions were also done on spelling both casual and informal in individual letters in dissimilar dialects.In the past, the populace utilized dialects as forms of interactions in their societal contexts. During this time, little existed about Standard English all over the globe, since the tongue had not been integrated, with other languages, to develop the standard language. Therefore, there existed disparities in spoken English within different societal contexts, due to the existence of diverse dialects for different factions of the populace. Although dialects were as a result of geographical and social incidences. Dialects have been associated markedly with sociolinguistics, which relates to social att itudes. However, with time dialect has lost its value with the emergence of status among the general populace. The dialect lost its value during the years in history when people started gaining identities, and social status leading to the development of more formal language free of dialects. Introduction of Standard English in the British Isles, therefore, became a reality with the subject of identity and social status.

Apply personel experiences to the text assigned and read Essay

Apply personel experiences to the text assigned and read - Essay Example Indeed, the broader aims and objectives of the education are to empower the students to make effective and rational choice in the personal and professional lives. While my personal experience has been contradictory to the ones portrayed by the authors, it has nevertheless, raised many pertinent questions regarding modern education system and the role of teachers, schools and environment. Does our education system really ensure equity amongst the emerging multicultural society and help equips the students with skills to make decisions based on informed choices? Gatto questions the validity of ‘schooling’ and questions whether ‘this deadly routine really necessary’? (71). Yes, it is necessary. It is key facilitating platform that provides one with the learning environment and routine so it could be promote wise use of it in one’s daily life. My father’s insistence on 100% attendance was but to inculcate a routine and an interest in the school activities. The school education helps us to utilize the knowledge gained in constructive manner to improve our lifestyle and living standard. My early education has remained the most significant part of life because it has taught me to explore new vista for improved results. I liked to engage in discussion with my peers and get new perspectives on issues and lessons taught in the class. The habit has become the strongest point of my character. The purpose of education is to exhort the students to apply informed choices in their decision making. Rose emphasizes that ‘through exceptional teachers†¦students learn to develop hypotheses and troubleshoot, reason through a problem, and communicate effectively - the true job skills’ (91). Indeed, good teachers are able to effectively tap the potential of the students. My personal experience corroborates with his view because the very system has taught me to understand the changing social values and helped me to widen my horizon of

Gender Essay Essay Example for Free

Gender Essay Essay During this essay I will be assessing the view that over the recent years the roles of both men and women have changed affecting society and the majority of households. In 1957 Elizabeth Bott as one of the first sociologists to study how the change of leisure, employment and lifestyle affected the roles of husbands and wives. She called these conjugal roles and claimed that there were two main types, segregated and joint. Segregated roles consisted of the splitting of the domestic tasks, where the men took care of the DIY tasks they carried the instrumental role. Womens tasks consisted of the cleaning, the cooking etc. they carried the expressive role. Joint roles meant the domestic labour within a household as distributed evenly. Willmott and Young studied the symmetrical family offering an alternative perspective on conjugal roles, claiming they had become increasingly similar. It appeared that division of labour based on gender was breaking down. Although, many did support this idea their work was challenged by feminist sociologists such as Ann Oakley. She provided some imperial research which dismissed the view of the sharing caring husband. Oakley based her research on interviews in which she had conducted on 40 married women with 1 or more dependant children. It showed that women saw housework and childcare as their prime responsibility and received little help from their husbands. Whereas Willmott and Young had claimed that 72% of men help in the house, this figure indicates that husbands only had to perform one household chore a week. Oakley stated that this is hardly convincing evidence of male domestication and women carried a dual burden, they go to work come home a follow out the domestic labour. However this evidence is 30 years out of date, but it does show that the roles of men and women are gradually moving towards equality and the symmetrical family but are still a long way from it. Fiona Devine conducted a small scale study of car workers families in Luton indicating that mens contribution to domestic labour increased when their wives re-entered paid employment. But the mans role is still secondary; all women remain responsible for childcare and housework where their husbands merely help them. This evidence clearly shows a pure suggestion of division of labour in most household tasks, although the equality and change indicates the tasks are becoming joint due to women working. To help show this trend another piece of research came into focus by Jonathon Gershuny, in which he analysed data from 1974-1987. It showed a gradual increase in the amount of domestic tasks preformed by men, and this increase is greatest when women are in full-time paid employment. Husbands whose wives worked spent double the amount of time cooking and cleaning. Gershuny concludes that women still bear the main burden of domestic labour, and there is a process of lagged adaptation. He thinks it may take up a generation or more until men catch up and make an equal contribution.

Light Saber :: essays papers

Light Saber There was once a young man who set forth to accomplish a great feat. On a quest for enrichment and knowledge his journey led him to an institute of higher learning. There he was to amass an immense amount of knowledge and discover secrets only a small portion of society possessed. But this place was far away†¦ it was a new land of snow-covered hills and a beverage called Busch Light. No longer would he be surrounded by the comforts of Smog,, 7-Elevens’s, and drive-by’s. He prepared for his journey the best he could and equipped himself with but one item to insure his safety and well being should anything happen on his quest. Once in this new land he discovered many groups and social structures. One of these stood out from the rest, this one was not a click of hopeless losers but an organization that stood above the others with ideals and principles that forged its members into the highest quality of men, each a Balanced Man in every aspect of life. He knew this small kingdom in the middle of Pullman was where he needed to flourish to become the person his journey was striving to make him. Eventually he became a part of the brotherhood, learning about his new homes past and traditions he began to realize just how profound a decision he had made and was grateful he was experiencing all he was. One evening he was consuming the sacred drinks of his people, filling his body with fluids such as Skip’N’Go and Busch Light. They were having a great gathering that evening with females from all over coming to pay homage to the mighty SigEp house. A member approached this young man and gave him the responsibility to monitor the entrance of the mighty structure and prevent any men from entering and participating that were not of the brotherhood. It would be a difficult task†¦He knew he would need every advantage available to protect the house and prove his loyalty and worth. He went and retrieved the object he knew he would have to one day use†¦with it no man or beast or law enforcement officer would dare confront him or challenge his refusal to let them enter. He stood at the entrance and rejected countless individuals whom he later discovered were called â€Å"haters†.

Daughter from Danang Essay

In 1975 as the Vietnam War was ending, Mai Thi Kim sent her seven- year-old daughter Mai Thi Hiep, later known as Heidi from that war-torn country to the United States in â€Å"Operation Babylift†. This operation saved many Vietnamese children’s life and gave them an opportunity to grow up and out of post-war chaos. This happened to Heidi, as she explains in the film â€Å"Daughter from Danang†, in which 22 years after she was given up for adoption, decides to go back to Vietnam and meet her biological family. However, the theme of culture shock is explored in depth in Daughter from Danang, as Heidi finds herself adrift in an unfamiliar culture and failing to communicate and the unable to cope with reality. In â€Å"Operation Baby Lift,† many of the children weren’t actual orphans–bereaved of both parents and all other relatives. Most children were told, â€Å"You have to remember who you are,† by mothers and other family members who r elinquished them for adoption into North America. During the episode of â€Å"Operation baby lift†, American women from the adoption agency, who were all white with long blond hair and condescending English spoke to Vietnamese women holding their children, telling them in deliberately slow speech, â€Å"Don’t worry, I’ll give your daughter a good home†. Aslo, in another instance, when a Vietnamese woman decided to give her son to a white woman, she responded, â€Å"You have done a good thing for your son. You should be proud.† White women, presented as â€Å"saviors† came to coax these children from Vietnamese women whose babies were mixed of mixed race. This episode blatantly displays three key concepts of: ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice from chapter 8. The white women from the adoption agency presented an ethnocentric attitude by evaluating the Vietnamese culture, according to the standards of their own culture. These women possessed standardized and simplified conceptions that taking these babies away from their biological parents and birthplace and to America was the best opportunity for them. This episode also display the utilization of stereotyping because these white women have assumed the the biased perspective that America is more advanced and will offer these babies more economic prosperity and opportunities. Here, these white women would be viewed as normal and superior, belonging to the â€Å"in-group†, generally the dominating group that they already associate with, or aspire to join. An out-group is simply all the other groups. They are seen as lesser than or inferior to the in-groups. The language, dialogue, and slow speech towards  the Vietnamese parents on the white women’s behalf also displayed prejudice, which can be characterized as an unfavorable attitude towards a social group and its members. Heidi was one such child that was saved from â€Å"Operation B abylift†. As Heidi’s birth mother, Mai Thi Kim, says that Vietnamese women who gave birth to mixed children – babies who were born from sex between an American military person and a Vietnamese woman – were told that their babies would be taken from them because of their being â€Å"illegitimate† children, soaked in gasoline, and burned alive. Kim was scared of this fate for her daughter, thus giving her up made the most sense to her. Hiep was adopted by a single woman, given the name Heidi, and raised in the South. Not looking very Asian, Heidi was accepted in the community of Pulaski, Tennessee, home of the Ku Klux Klan. Various friends and relatives speak of her upbringing and she herself proudly claims to be 101 percent Americanized. By the time Heidi was in her twenties, Heidi’s relationship with her adoptive mother has ended in a swift and irreparable separation. She decides to search for her Vietnamese mother and the unconditional love she expects to re ceive from her. She also wants to get in touch with her roots. Heidi finally connects with Mai Thi Kim, her birthmother who has been trying to find her for years, through Tran Nhu, a consultant to the original â€Å"Operation Babylift† and a translator. She volunteers to accompany Heidi on the trip back to Vietnam and the reunion with her birth mother in Danang. The first meeting between Heidi and Mai Thi Kim at the Danang Airport is a highly emotional moment for the two women who have not seen each other for 22 years. Heidi is delighted to meet her birth mother and half-brother and half-sisters as well, The reunion continues with elaborate meals and a journey to the place where Heidi was born and the shrine of her deceased ancestors. But she grows more and more ill at ease with Vietnam and the customs of her relatives. Culture shock overtakes her in an episode where she is in a market; she is overwhelmed by the heat, smell of the fish, and high context behaviors and communication. She declares she wants nothing more than to go home as so on as possible. Heidi is seen being suffocated by her biological mother who continuously hugs, kiss her and touch her. In addition, her mother took every opportunity to show Heidi to people living in Danang. The concept of intercultural intimate conflict obstacles is displayed here. Heidi is  conflicted and is uncomfortable to the intimacy of spaces and high-context communication style.This feeling of disconnection from her Vietnamese family continuously grows and comes to a climax in a farewell party where her half brother speaks directly to a subject that Heidi does not want to deal with at all. It was at this moment that Heidi’s â€Å"brother† asked her to send money intermittently back from United States to support her family, saying, â€Å"Now we hope you’ll assume the filial responsibility a child has toward a parent.† This episode displays the key concept of intercultural individualism-collectivism relationship expectations. Heidi fails to understand that obligat ions are at the core of traditional Asian moral codes. She brings an individualistic attitude from America that money matters are best not talked about and can only interfere with genuine family relationship. What rapidly followed was powerful: the first time Heidi was able to express her need for space: â€Å"Don’t touch me! Get away!† through tears, as her brother followed her after she left the kitchen where the request for financial support was posed. Here in this scene, the concept of relationship conflict resolutions occurs. Heidi’s blood relatives in Vietnam react to Heidi’s hurt at the request for money. A male sibling says, â€Å"We’re trying to understand your situation and we hope you’ll try to understand ours. Let’s just be happy. Yes, let’s just be happy. Don’t try to force anything.† Heidi’s biological mother remarks, â€Å"We don’t speak the same language so it’s not clear. What does she know about the Vietnamese notion of love and emotion?†¦She doesn’t understand , it’s not good to force her. She’s still in shock. I’m afraid when she goes back, sheâ €™ll be angry†¦.It’s hard. Poor thing, she thinks I’m asking for money.† Her mother continues, â€Å"And all I know is how much I love her.† Another man in the room chalks it up to, â€Å"This is all just a misunderstanding.†To Heidi, she feels that her family are trying to impose financial obligations onto her being that she is a privileged American woman with a better quality of life. She grows to resent them when she leaves Vietnam. In the end of the film, Heidi is shown back at home in Tennessee, with her two daughters and husband. She seeks comfort in her grandmother’s home, leafing through photographs, looking through the fridge for food. Heidi’s grandmother urges her to re-visit Vietnam, to be open-minded about it. Heidi pushes back, â€Å"But you’re who I know† and confesses in a closing interview to closing the door  on the biological family. References Dolgin, G., Franco, V., Roberts, K., Griffin, B. Q., Pà ©rez, H., Van-Anh T. Vo., WGBH (Television station : Boston, M., & PBS Home Video. (2003). Daughter from Danang. [Alexandria, Va.]: Distributed by PBS Home Video Ting-Toomey, S., & Chung, L. (2012) Understanding intercultural communication, (2nd edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

Historic Perspective of Organizational Theory Essay

Theories pertaining to concepts of management were developed by Max Weber, Henri Fayol, and Elton Mayo. Management is the central component to an organized view on what each theory encompasses, the contributions and how the theories differ and even complementary factors. Individual contributions to management theories impact organizational power as well as the society and state which the ideas are focused. The legacy of theses theories will continue to shape business in the present and future. Organizational theory is designed to understand the nature of the organization. By which organizations can evaluate its overall business by putting the right structure and operate in different ways. Organizational theory also helps us understand how processes such as change and decision making can be managed. It deals with different structures and cultures such as large organizations have different structures and cultures than small ones, and the manufacturing organizations operate in a differe nt way than those in the service sector. (Burton & Obel, 1984) Frederick Taylor composed the principles of scientific management in the early nineteenth century, which marked the beginning of modern management theory (Robbins, 2000). The theory influenced management and has the greatest impact because of the insistence on application of scientific method. Furthermore, managers relied upon instinct and intuition as the source of constructive ides and information but the scientific method provided a formulation for conscious analysis. Max Weber contributed to management theory that within a bureaucratic system the organization was continuous bond of rules and the hierarchical arrangement is where one level was subject to control by the  level above. Bureaucracy lends to the notion of society becoming more integrated and more complex. Organizations have become more dependent on specialists and experts for advice and for influence. In the managerial perspective, democracy is seen as a consequence of elite competition (Alford and Friedland1985,). Henri Fayol, an industrialist divided the management structure into six basic groups, technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial activities. The six categories or groups are not absolute but can be manipulated according to purpose and need. Fourteen general principles of management were developed such as organize, delegate, staff, control, co- ordinate, lead and budget, your organization will prosper with efficiency and effectiveness therefore br inging great productivity. An administrative principle is a major contribution because this creates a narrower process of developing and maintaining procedures. The principle gives clear structure and rules and takes into consideration the changing environment and it applies to the organization, powers, duties and information that sets each organization apart and the basis for which all employees can be trained. A rigid form of rules and power being still govern any organizations so that uniformity can be established. Bureaucratic organizations have become more of a necessary function to the advancement of the economy and society at large because some cities and towns are dependant upon the economic benefits. The advance of large scale corporations with more coordination within markets forces our government to become more bureaucratic because businesses have become informal controllers and dictators. The inevitability of bureaucracies handle increased industrialization reflects the functional emphasis within the concept of management. Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol are both considered classical contributors to management theory. Developers of an expressionist viewpoint during a period when the aim was elevating the standards of management within the industry that was veiled but instead created a balance and established equity (Brodie, 1967). The two theorists provided the few publications and theories on management. Both theories were developed under the same influencing factors such as war, social struggles and industrial revolution (Urwick. 1951, p7), however each developed different management theories and instructions and vantage points. Scientific management and he developed scientific principles of management, focusing on the individual,  rather than the team and aimed to improve efficiency through production-line time studies, breaking each job down into its components and designing the quickest and best methods of performing each component. Fayol provided insight on the human reaction and identified needs of the individually and that work can be tailored based on intelligence, background and abilities. Taylor focused on the total organization rather than the individual worker, outlining the management functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. The theories proposed by Fayol and Mayo differ greatly in all areas. Fayol concentrated on management functions and attempted to generate a boarder perspective and on principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities and looked at an organization as a whole (Scott, 1992). Mayo focused on motivation techniques and individual satisfaction. Fayol directed attention on areas such as the production process and adjusted humans to this process, versus Mayo’s human relations approach emphasized the coordination of human and social elements in an organization by following concept such as * Consultation, * Participation * Communication and leadership. The employee of an organization is seen as a machine in Fayol’s theory rather than an important part of the organization. Employee’s needs according to Mayo are based on the idea that workers are happy they will be more productive. Theories proposed by Fayol and Mayo differ greatly in all areas. Fayol emphasized management functions and attempted to generate broad administrative principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities (Scott, 1992) and looked at an organization as a whole. Mayo focused on motivation techniques and individual satisfaction. Fayol emphasized the production process and adjusted humans to this process that included relational approach emphasized the coordination of human and social element. Characteristics of bureaucracy Weber believed that all large organizations would over time assume more bureaucratic characteristics. These characteristics were one a high degree of division of labor, two a hierarchy of authority, three the  use of formal written documents and files, 4 the expert training of organizational members, five decisions guided by written rules and procedures, and 6 an impersonality in human relationships. Division of Labor: The organization, according to Weber, was broken down into separate units with their areas of responsibility officially established by organizational policy. Similar to Administrative Management’s concept of departmentalization, Weber proposed that such specialization by organizational units led to greater efficiency. The people involved would only need to be trained in a limited area of knowledge. They could learn their jobs faster and thus perform more efficiently. 2. Hierarchy of Authority. Like Fayol, Weber noted that when the organization was divided into separate units, their activities needed to be coordinated by a hierarchy of graded levels of authorit y. This authority, according to Weber, was rational-legal, resting on a belief by the members of the organization that those people occupying higher positions had a right to issue commands to those occupying lower levels. The authority resided in the legally established and impersonal â€Å"offices† (job positions), not in the people themselves. Weber contrasted this rational form of authority with the non-bureaucratic traditional authority based upon loyalty to the person of the chief or monarch. In order for an organization to continue operating for many years, it must become somewhat independent not only of the people who founded it, but also of the people who managed its activities. The extensive use of formal, written documents in everyday activity and a sophisticated filing system was the characteristic giving the bureaucratic organization certain immortality. People could come and go in specific jobs over time but the bureaucratic organization continued to function efficiently with minimal problems. The knowledge of past events, along with the power that it conveyed, belonged to the specific position (in the filing cabinet) and was only temporarily used by the person holding the position . Anyone new to a particular position could learn what actions had been taken and decisions made by the previous person in the job by going to the relevant files. Expert Training: Weber envisioned that the specialization of positions would enable people to be trained more thoroughly in a narrow range of activities. Employees would be hired and promoted based upon merit and expertise. Decisions and Operations Guided By  Written Rules and Procedures. A key characteristic of bureaucracy was the idea that an organization’s employees followed written rules, which were assumed to be generally stable. The use of rules and procedures made the organization more efficient because they made people’s behavior more predictable and reliable. Rules served not only to make the organization independent of any one individual over time, but also to ensure that actions and decisions made in different parts of the organization were consistent at any given time. Human variability was reduced. In any given set of circumstances, anywhere or anytime in the organization, the same decision would be made and the same actions taken as long as the rules wer e followed. Impersonality from Weber’s point of view, the very impersonality of bureaucracy was a significant improvement over earlier forms of organization. By applying rules and controls impersonally, involvement with personalities and personal preferences was avoided. Employees and customers of a bureaucracy were not considered as individuals but as members of categories. This helped to ensure fair and unbiased treatment according to law — the policies and standard procedures of the organization. Managers were constrained by the same impersonal network of rules as were their subordinates. Actions and decisions could no longer be justified on the basis of personal opinion or on tradition. Bureaucratic Management based on Weber’s description of bureaucracy has been criticized by a number of scholars in the area; there is agreement that he made a significant impact on the field of management and the study of organizations. Unlike Fayol, however, Weber did not recommend a new system of management for others to follow and imitate. Merely described what he saw as the inevitable movement by organizations to become increasingly bureaucratic over time. An over developed bureaucratic mechanism in comparison with other organizations conflicts with the non-mechanical modes of production and allows dominance and could cause a monopoly. Legacy of Traditional Management Traditional Management, as it is now known, was formed out of Scientific Management, Administrative Management, and Bureaucratic Management. By the mid-twentieth century, the use of Scientific Management techniques and Administrative Management principles within a rationally structured bureaucratic organization became the accepted way of managing large organizations. Based upon some key assumptions from classical economics regarding economic man, division of labor, and profit maximization, the concepts, techniques, and prescriptions of Traditional Management succeeded in producing a large number of standardized products and serving a large number of customers with similar needs. Traditional Management seemed incapable of dealing effectively with changing conditions. The best of traditional management found themselves, in the second half of the twentieth century, floundering in the face of more flexible competition with different ideas of managing. The use of traditional management’s prescriptions and techniques resulted in dysfunctional as well as functional consequences for organizational performance. The functional consequences outweighed the dysfunctional consequences; organizations following the traditional approach were very successful. In the early 1900s in North America and Europe, for example, business corporations operated very efficiently and made huge profits selling valued products and services. The dysfunctional consequences present at that time were too few in number and too small in size to overwhelm the vast amount of functional consequences. For example, the epitome of Scientific Management, Henry Ford’s moving assembly line, created jobs in the 1920s for thousands of unskilled workers at double ($5/day) the current wage for similar work. It produced the first automobile affordable by the average person. The jobs may have been monotonous, but worker boredom did not keep the Model T and the Ford Motor Company from becoming a great success story. As time passed, however, and Traditional Management became more institutionalized in large organizations, the dysfu nctional consequences began to increase in number and in size. Organizational performance and productivity increased at a fast rate from 1900 to 1950. After 1950, however, the rate of performance improvement began to slow. An increasing use of Scientific Management assembly lines and bureaucratic procedures appeared to result in less and less of a performance increase. Like heroin, increasing the use of Traditional Management practices seemed to result in a smaller amount of desirable outcomes. It is suggested here that the continued and even increasing use of Traditional Management practices without significant modification in the face of a fast-changing world contributed to the decline in organizational performance. The  dysfunctional consequences of Traditional Management began to accumulate to such an extent that they finally outweighed the functional consequences. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency stopped improving and profits began to decline in the face of aggressive Japanese competition The concept that has the greatest utility by Traditional Management on standardization of the production process as well as the product meant that there could be no room for human variability. The emphasis on rules, principles, and the â€Å"one best way† meant that the behavior of employees must be uniform and predictable if maximum efficiency was to be attained. The basic assumption underlying Traditional Management about the motivation of people stemmed from the concept of economic man. People were expected to behave rationally. Rational people were supposedly motivated by their own economic self-interest. Weber and Fayol did not directly emphasize economic incentives, traditional management generally assumed that employees wanted to earn the most money for the least work. Traditional Management expected employees to be motivated to do very specialized standardized jobs simply because of the workers’ strong need for money. Bibliography Brodie, M. (1967) Fayol on Administration. Mowbray & Co, Oxford. Burton, R. M. & Obel, B. (1984) Designing Efficient Organizations: Modeling and Experimentation, North Holland, Amsterdam Robbins, S.P., Bergman. Stagg, I & Coulter, M. (2000), Management, (2nd Edn) Prentice Hall Scott, W. R. (1992). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Australia Pry Ltd Taylor, F. (1947) scientific management: comprising Shop management. The principles of scientific management and Testimony before the special House committee. Harper, New York. Urwick, L., Brech, E. (1951) The Making of Scientific Management. Pitman & Sons, London.

Business Case Argumentative Essay †English

Business Case Argumentative Essay – English Free Online Research Papers Business Case Argumentative Essay English The company in the business case believes that by lowering the amount of parental leave to the legal minimum, they will have happy, productive employees. However there are a few problems with their reasoning. For one, they claim that the stress of choosing how much time to take off adversely affects the employee. Also, they believe that employees who spend more time at work are more loyal to the company, but offer nothing to back that claim up. Finally, they define happy and productive as ultra-loyal, ultra-achieving. Is this what makes everyone happy? Lets take a look at these statements. The company says that by relieving the employee of the decision of how much time to take off, they will relieve stress that could adversely affect the employee, both at home and at the office. Is making this decision really so burdensome? I dont believe so, especially when compared to the stress of having a new baby at home. One would think this would be the least of the employees worries! Also, the employee may now be faced with a whole new set of problems relating to not having enough time at home with the baby, such as finding child care for such a young baby, and leaving the baby all day without the mother or baby being ready. These situations could cause much more stress than the simple one of how much time to take off. The company also claims that those employees who spend more time at the company are more loyal. Perhaps it is indeed the case that the more loyal employees spend more time at the office, but is the reverse true? They offer no proof. By taking a major life decision out of the employee’s control, the company may cause resentment and lower the workers loyalty. Their loyalty may also be lowered by the company lessening a benefit that had previously been granted. Finally, the statement says at the same time that this change will create happier and more productive workers, but at the same time ultra-loyal, ultra-achieving employees. While this may indeed be the companys idea of happy and productive, I doubt that every employee would be happiest as an ultra-achiever. Although some people do make their job the most important thing in their life, and put most of their time and energy into it- and receive most of their fulfillment from it- I dont think the same can be said for everyone. Some people have interests outside work, such as travel or a hobby. These people will not be made happier by being forced to spend more time at work. This basic assumption is flawed. Also, it leaves out the large group of people for which family is the most important thing in their life- the very people that this decision will negatively affect. These people will not be made happier by being an ultra-achieving employee; they would be made happier by having more time home with their children. So one can see the companys statement is making a lot of assumptions that are not being backed up- is the decision of how much time to take off for parental leave really adding that much stress to workers lives? Are people who are forced to spend more time at work really going to be more loyal to the company? And will this decision really make these ultra-achieving employees happy? I dont believe the company has made a good case for itself. Research Papers on Business Case Argumentative Essay - EnglishNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office System19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Free Essays on Sauls Conversion

The Damascus Road Experience I decided to do my paper on Acts 9:1 though Acts 9:9. I chose this passage because I believe it made a huge difference in Christianity. After his experience on the road, Paul became one of the most influential men in the Bible. He also wrote two- thirds of the New Testament. Paul was one of the most intelligent men of his time. This is why his conversion was so important. Luke wrote this book. It was written around 62 A.D. This was a letter originally written to Theophilus. The purpose of writing to Theophilus was to give him greater insight into the origins of Christianity. It is thought that he was a converted Gentile. This miraculous event occurred on the road to Damascus. Saul was a member of the Sanhedrin. It was the middle of the day, and Gods light shined brighter than the sun. The bright light blinded Paul, maybe to show him his blindness in persecution. Paul was blown away when he heard â€Å" I am Jesus, whom you persecute†. Because he experienced this event himself, there was no way he could deny it. He understood that this vision was from the God he had been trying to serve, only to learn that he had badly misunderstood God. He saved Saul just in time. He was taking orders from the high priest of the Sanhedrin, which gave him, power to extradite all Christians who had fled due to persecution. Saul was known as the most zealous representative of the Jewish community when it came to persecution. Saul believed he was being religious and doing the right thing in persecuting Christians. The main theme is salvation, plain and simple. The Lord saved Paul from a life of sin. In turn, The Lord also saved many lives by reversing Paul’s beliefs when he did. Who knows how many would have died if Paul and his entourage would have killed in Damascus. This is how the passage goes according to me: Saul was talking about abusing and murdering Christians. He goes to the boss to ask for the pa... Free Essays on Saul's Conversion Free Essays on Saul's Conversion The Damascus Road Experience I decided to do my paper on Acts 9:1 though Acts 9:9. I chose this passage because I believe it made a huge difference in Christianity. After his experience on the road, Paul became one of the most influential men in the Bible. He also wrote two- thirds of the New Testament. Paul was one of the most intelligent men of his time. This is why his conversion was so important. Luke wrote this book. It was written around 62 A.D. This was a letter originally written to Theophilus. The purpose of writing to Theophilus was to give him greater insight into the origins of Christianity. It is thought that he was a converted Gentile. This miraculous event occurred on the road to Damascus. Saul was a member of the Sanhedrin. It was the middle of the day, and Gods light shined brighter than the sun. The bright light blinded Paul, maybe to show him his blindness in persecution. Paul was blown away when he heard â€Å" I am Jesus, whom you persecute†. Because he experienced this event himself, there was no way he could deny it. He understood that this vision was from the God he had been trying to serve, only to learn that he had badly misunderstood God. He saved Saul just in time. He was taking orders from the high priest of the Sanhedrin, which gave him, power to extradite all Christians who had fled due to persecution. Saul was known as the most zealous representative of the Jewish community when it came to persecution. Saul believed he was being religious and doing the right thing in persecuting Christians. The main theme is salvation, plain and simple. The Lord saved Paul from a life of sin. In turn, The Lord also saved many lives by reversing Paul’s beliefs when he did. Who knows how many would have died if Paul and his entourage would have killed in Damascus. This is how the passage goes according to me: Saul was talking about abusing and murdering Christians. He goes to the boss to ask for the pa...

Savage Inequalities in American Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Savage Inequalities in American Schools - Essay Example The huge amounts of garbage are burnt due to insufficient funds available for vacuuming out the garbage and inadequate manpower. Kozol also discovers that schooling has taken a backseat in the city with children simply not aware of their grades and their school timings. A group of children whom the author caught up narrate, in their innocent ways, incidences of violence and hate that is brewing across the city. East St.Louis also has a distinction of a highest number of fetal deaths in the whole of Illinois due to insufficient maternity care. In addition there is also the widely increasing number of children with dental problems, malnutrition and underimunized children. The city also witnesses constant closure of schools due to sewage overflow and has lain off several teachers which has had a devastating effect on the students. While the governor maintains that there is money flow within the community and it is not spent wisely, other government officials have said that it is quite i mpossible for the city to come out of the present circumstances on its own. The educational system has taken a beating with a large number of teachers being sent home with only sports and other vocational activities left for the children to take up. Even these facilities have been affected owing to insufficient funds and highly unsuitable working areas. The school labs do not have basic water facilities and teachers who are coping with what is available, mainly due to their interest to serve, have voiced that they feel truly deprived of the amenities that exists in modern schools. The facilities in a school regarded as a top school is no better either and one of the student even talks about the irony associated with a school named after Martin Luther King but which has only black children. Kozol draws a striking contrast between these schools and another school in New York where students have a comfortable space and good amenities and the teachers

Mayos Theory of Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mayos Theory of Management - Coursework Example At present, ethical issues have evolved as an essential component of corporate responsibility that business houses are not allowed to avoid (Conjecture Corporation, 2011). Mayo’s theory of management and its related issues have been proved to be directly impacting the business’ performances as it helps in satisfying stakeholders’ demands with respect to monetary benefits. On the other hand, keeping the workers unknown about the changes in working environment is not a good idea towards adhering to the ethical practices because workers are also important stakeholders of the businesses (Draper, 2010). Hiding information about the workplace changes by the managers will directly impact upon the relationship of trust between managers and workers. Precision or maintaining transparency with the workers by the managers is probably the best method of building and sustaining the trust. In the case of keeping the workers unknown about changes for increasing their productivity, managers can be accused of not being transparent towards their workers (Sims, 1992). Moreover, the managers can also be accused of not respecting the workers’ work if they hide information about the workplace from the workforce. When the workers come to know about the changes in their working environment after their performances being evaluated, they can develop distrust about their managers as a result of which it might lead to adverse consequences in the future (Huffmon, 2011). Thirdly, the managers can be accused of not following the modern mode of working as team within the organization. The charges against the manger can arise from the workforce who was kept unknown by them about the workplace changes (Huffmon, 2011). The consequences of the above measures toward workers from the part of the managers can ultimately distract the social system, which is believed to be created (evident from the conclusion of the Hawthorne experiment).

Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Property - Essay Example It is in this scenario that the concept of property development & management comes into the picture, which provides the developer with a rigid framework for the effective development of a property. The present report will evaluate the viability of developing a small office site in a suburban London town location. All along, the report will concentrate on the information gathered on the property and will attempt to assess the viability of developing the property based on a series of valuations, funding proposals and elevations of the completed scheme. The report will initially consider, outline and assess the various important factors that will influence the decision to build and develop the property. The report therefore, would emphasize on planning the development of the property in the context of urban development, construction, quantity surveying, and design & property development. The report would then list out all the factors governing the development of the small office site and would proceed with discussing the development appraisal that was initiated as a major constituent of the property development scheme and will also model the cash flow involved. Therefore, the report would evaluate the viability of the small office site property development proposal on the whole. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPERTY The concept of property development especially with regards to commercial spaces has been a subject of constant debate and a plethora of literature is available in this regard. Among the literature available, major topics of discussion have been focusing on evaluating commercial property sites on the basis of nearness to the target customer base & urban centres, location of transport facilities, the government legislation and the political situation etc. The current section will aim to outline the basic set of factors that were currently prevalent at the small office cite in suburban London.The first and the foremost factor that influenced the development of the small office site were the availability of the land, and the presence of other critical facilities. Even though the land was available, it was important to assess whether the quality of the soil was good enough for construction purposes. A civil engineer who conducted surveys of the land and certified that the proposed site was suitable evaluated the land. In addition it was also important to determine the nearness of the property to hotels and cafeterias for the purposes of the employees who would be working in the office site. It was additionally important to determine the availability of drinking water in the area. Fortunately, the area was quite populated and as such, both these needs were not a problem at all. The area was abundant with hotels and the local water department ensured a constant supply of clean drinking water. Thus, the prime concern under the property development scheme was to assess the proposed site for its physical suitability for development.The next major consideration under this was to dig into the legal restrictions of the area. This was important as certain areas had a different pattern of construction norms and adhering to the law of the land was extremely important. For this, the help

The Dred Scott Decision Essay Example for Free

The Dred Scott Decision Essay The Dred Scott decision of 1865 had many implications on the status of free blacks in the United States, along with the concept of popular sovereignty, and the future of slavery in America. Dred Scott was a slave who moved in with his master to the free state of Illinois. He claimed that residence in a free state made him a free man, and he fought for his freedom all the way to the Supreme Court (1865). Chief Justice Taney ruled that since blacks could not be citizens, they had no right to sue in a federal court. The court also went further and said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This decision greatly affected the status of free blacks in the United States. They were not allowed any additional rights due to the fact that they were not citizens. Therefore, they could not advance in society socially, and otherwise. Because of this, they could not vote and freely voice their opinions as the Constitution did not apply to them. The Dred Scott decision also had many implications on the concept of popular sovereignty. It was questioned that if Congress could not exclude slaves from a territory, how could a mere territorial legislature do so? Until statehood was granted, slavery seemed as unprofaned as freedom of religion or speech or any other civil liberty guaranteed by the Constitution. Where formerly freedmen (as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights) was a national institution and slavery a local one, now according to the Court, slavery was nationwide, as was excluded only where states specifically abolished it. This meant that popular sovereignty had virtually no jurisdiction in the aspect of slavery in a territory, because slavery was only abolished if a state specifically said so. The future of slavery was also impacted upon by the Dred Scott decision. It convinced thousands that the South was engaged in an aggressive attempt to extend the peculiar institution so far that it could no longer be considered peculiar. Although slavery was eventually outlawed, at that time it seemed that there was to be no end.

Tuberculosis and Typhus Fever: Diseases of Class in 19th-Century Englan

Tuberculosis and Typhus Fever: Diseases of Class in 19th-Century England Missing Works Cited Although more prevalent amongst the working class, tuberculosis and typhus fever were contracted by all populations in Victorian England. People of the upper and middle classes could afford treatment while the poor were often subjected to unsanitary, disease-ridden living conditions. Charity schools were common places of infection due to inedible food and a vulnerability to contagion, i.e., the necessity of sharing beds and drinking from a common cup. F.B. Smith confirms the increased likelihood of disease within charity schools in his book The Retreat of Tuberculosis. He states "Charity school children displayed above average rates (of tuberculosis) even though the badly affected individuals usually were excluded" (7). Tuberculosis and typhus fever outbreaks, increased significantly in the nineteenth century due to overcrowding, poor housing conditions, low wages and standards of nutrition, ignorance, and lack of effective medical treatment. Tuberculosis is marked by symptoms such as a hollow cough, an emaciated body, nightly weats and daily intermittent fevers. Tuberculosis was common amongst working classes because it was contracted through pestilent, infected air, manifesting itself in places surrounded by swampy land. Geography plays an important role in the transmission of tuberculosis. The working classes could not afford to live in areas that were free of the epidemic. The upper classes did contract consumption, although they sought the medicine of the day which often brought them to health. The most popular remedy was a sea voyage in a warm climate, but also pure air and the most nutritious food were encouraged. Accordi... ...the poor were supposed to be upgraded by industrial innovations; but, on the other hand, company waste and inadequate working conditions, exploitation, took a severe toll on the very people this revolution was supposed to help. The mass presence of disease was due to the degradation of society. Poor conditions of various institutions, a side effect of the revolution, presented a dangerous risk of exposure for lower, working class families. Tuberculosis and typhus fever were painful, contagious, and long-lasting epidemics that killed people of all classes. Naturally, the lower classes suffered the most. The upper classes reaped the financial benefits from this new urban society, while the working classes were subjected to filthy, disease-ridden atmosphere. The impoverished have always been the disadvantaged, but in 19th century England, they paid with their lives.

Overview on ZEN Works

Zero Effort Networks (Z.E.N. works) is a great new tool in NetWare 5, that makes the network administrator†s job a lot easier by allowing him to spend less time at each user workstation. To be able to use the Z.E.N. works these are the minimum hardware requirements: Processor: 486/33 or higher Memory: 16 MB (for Windows 95); 24 MB (for Windows NT) Hard disk space: 4 MB (workstation; 24 MB (full station) Z.E.N. works needs to be installed on the server and the client on the workstation needs to be updated. During the installation process Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) are copied to the workstation. DLLs contain subprograms that are called by an application to perform certain operations. Another utility that is included in Z.E.N. works to help the distribution and management of applications is the Application Launcher, which consists of four major components: Application objects in the NDS tree Application Launcher Window and Application object The snAppShot utility allows you take a â€Å"snapshot† of the Windows workstation before installing the application. The snapshot includes Registry settings along with the names of system and application files on the workstation. After the application has been installed, the snAppShot utility takes another picture of the workstation†s configuration and then uses the two snapshots to create an Application Object Template (AOT) file. The Application Launcher uses the AOT file to determine what Registry settings and system files need to be copied to the workstation to run the application from the network. In addition to including configuration settings and system file names, the AOT file also contains the name of the Application object and the path where you want to store the AOT and installation files. Consequently, before running the snAppShot utility, you need to define the name you want to use for the Application object and decide where the application and AOT files will be stored. The Application Launcher software consists of two components: the wrapper program and the launcher. The wrapper program determines which launcher program (NALW31.EXE, NALWIN32.EXE, or NAL.EXE) to run based on the client computer†s operating system. The launcher program then determines the Application objects to which the user has access and displays a window showing all applications the user has been authorized to run. When the user selects an application, the launcher determines whether the application is installed on the workstation. If this is the first time the user has run the application from this workstation, the application will automatically be installed using the AOT file created by the snAppShot utility. If Application Launcher senses that the application configuration has been damaged, or files are missing or corrupt, it will automatically correct the application configuration and copy and damaged or missing files.

Economic reform in the Soviet Union and Russia Essay

Economic reforms in Russia and the Soviet Union have really never come to be, even after the constant assurances that the government gives its citizens that it is doing everything in its power to bring this to pass. One of the reasons this has been so difficult to achieve is the ‘man exploitation of man’ notion. Having some people live with hardly an income of between $40-$60 a month while others take huge amounts of profits made by years of an average man’s effort and labor not to mention the illegal owning of the country’s natural resources. Russia’s enormous size has also contributed to the delayed reforms. Russia is a large country which stretches across eleven time zones and eighty nine different regional governments. This has made the long distance between the locations promote the difficulty in communication and transportation. The presence of a weak central government in Moscow sometimes makes the officials far away from the capital refuse to carry out the reform programmes. There has been a lot of organized crime which especially grew in the 1990s. The ‘Russian Mafia’ had at one point in 1998 been estimated to control 40 percent of the private companies and 60 percent of state owned enterprises. It was like they had their own economy. This mafia even expanded outside Russia. This affected the economic growth for it rewarded illegal activity over honest business. Mikhail Gorbachev had brought about some economic reforms which unfortunately, yielded little results. There was the alcohol reform which involved the increment of alcohol prices such vodka and beer. Wineries were also destroyed and drinking in public prohibited. This failed due to the blockage of information by the conservatives making the pace of the reforms too slow. It brought about a huge blow to states budget making a huge loss. The glasnost reform which meant greater freedom of speech was introduced. Gorbachev intended to let the media and the public openly criticizes the government decisions. This turned out to be a mistake as the media used it to reveal some of the mistakes the government had done in the past like to severely punish its citizens. The freedom got way out of hand more than Gorbachev had intended which made the citizens change their views towards the government (Katz, 2008). Gorbachev political initiatives were positive for freedom and democracy, but his economic policies brought the country close to a disaster. There were severe shortages of basic food supplies that led to the supply of limited food substances to the citizens. Yeltsin did not do much to help in implementing the reforms. Although he advertised self sacrifice by riding in city buses, visiting factories and stores, talked with commuters, gathered hundreds of officials who were corrupt and gathered information on deficiencies, he resigned in October 21, 1987 claiming that the economic reform was proceeding too slowly. He blamed this on Gorbachev associate claiming that he had been blocking his attempts to improve the lives of Moscow’s common folk. References Katz, A. (2008). The politics of economic reform in the Soviet Union. New York: Praeger

Plant Biotechnology essays

Plant Biotechnology essays The earth can be seen as an ecological system which includes the birth/death rates, water/air management, minerals/energy, and plant/animal life. When there is an imbalance in one of these systems, problems can arise. The plant/animal subsystem has four components: Food and population, minerals and energy, excretory, and biotechnology. The food and population system is the ratio between the calories of the living and human behavior. Currently, 1 trillion calories of food are needed per day. The energy and mineral system is comprised of the use of fuels, metal and resources that humans need to survive. The excretory system is the waste and pollution produced from the other subsystems. For example, the agriculture industry impacts the soil and climate of the environments. Pesticides seep into the ground water and linger in foods causing precious resources to be lost. In order to sustain the ecological system, water, soil and sunlight are needed to produce food. The ways to increase the production of food are to increase the acres under cultivation or to increase the yield of current crops. To do this, the fourth system of biotechnology is necessary to ease the strain on the other three systems because it conserves resources and produces higher crop yields. Although there may be draw back and potential dangers of biotechnology, countries that have problems with population and food such as China, need to use this and other technology to increase their food supply. The problem of overpopulation with not having enough food has always existed worldwide, but primarily in China. In 46 years, the worlds population has increased from two billion to six billion people. China has tried family planning in order to combat its population problems. Each family is allowed to have only one child and special permission is needed to have that one child. Failure to follow the one child rule results in economic hardships for the family. These reper...

Teaching Reading Comprehension to Dyslexic Students

Teaching Reading Comprehension to Dyslexic Students Reading comprehension is frequently very difficult for students with dyslexia. They are challenged by word recognition; they may forget a word even though they have seen it several times. They may spend so much time and effort in sounding words out, they lose the meaning of the text or they may need to read a passage over and over to fully understand what is being said. An in-depth report, completed by the National Reading Panel in 2000, provides a look at how teachers can best teach students reading comprehension. This skill is considered essential, not only in learning to read but also in lifelong learning. The panel held regional public hearings with teachers, parents, and students to help form an understanding of what was required in making sure students had a solid foundation of reading skills. Reading comprehension was listed as one of the five most important skills in developing reading. According to the panel, there were three specific themes within reading comprehension that were discussed: Vocabulary InstructionText Comprehension InstructionTeacher Preparation and Comprehension Strategies Instruction Vocabulary Instruction Teaching vocabulary increases reading comprehension. The more words a student knows, the easier it is to understand what is being read. Students must also be able to decode unfamiliar words, that is, they must be able to derive the meaning of the word through knowledge or similar words or through the surrounding text or speech. For example, a student can better understand the word truck if they first understand the word car or a student can guess what the word truck means by looking at the rest of the sentence, such as The farmer loaded hay in the back of his truck and drove away. The student can assume that the truck is something you drive, thereby being like a car, but is bigger since it can hold hay. The panel found that using a variety of methods to teach vocabulary worked better than simple vocabulary lessons. Some of the successful methods included:Using computer and technology to aid in vocabulary instruction Repetitive exposure to wordsLearning vocabulary words prior to reading textIndirect learning of vocabulary, for example, using vocabulary words in a number of different contextsLearning vocabulary in both written text and oral speech Teachers should not rely on a single method of teaching vocabulary but instead should combine different methods to create interactive and multi-faceted vocabulary lessons that are age-appropriate for the students. Text Comprehension Instruction Text comprehension, or understanding what the printed words mean as a whole rather than understanding individual words, is the basis of reading comprehension. The panel found that comprehension is enhanced when readers actively relate the ideas represented in print to their own knowledge and experiences and construct mental representations in memory. Further, it was found that when cognitive strategies were used during reading, comprehension increased. Some of the specific reading comprehension strategies that were found to be effective are: Teaching students to monitor their understanding of the material as they readHaving students practice reading comprehension skills as a groupUsing pictures and graphics to represent the material being learnedAnswering questions about the materialCreating questions about the materialDetermining the structure of the storySummarizing the material As with vocabulary instruction, it was found that using a combination of reading comprehension strategies and making lessons multisensory was more effective than using a single strategy. In addition, understanding that strategies may change depending on what is being read was important. For example, reading science text may require a different strategy than reading a story. Students who are able to experiment with different strategies better equipped to determine which strategy will work for their current assignment. Teacher Preparation and Comprehension Strategies Instruction In order to teach reading comprehension, the teacher must, of course, be knowledgeable of all of the components of reading comprehension. Specifically, teachers should receive training in explaining the strategies to students, modeling thinking processes, encouraging students to be curious about what they are reading, keeping students interested and creating interactive reading instruction. There are two main approaches to teaching reading comprehension strategies: Direct Explanation: Using this approach, the teacher explains the reasoning and mental processes used to make text meaningful. Teachers can explain that reading and understanding text is a problem-solving exercise. For example, when summarizing what has been read, a student can play the part of a detective, looking for important information in the text. Transaction Strategy Instruction: This approach also uses direct explanations of the strategies used in reading comprehension but includes class and group discussions on the material in order to develop a deeper understanding of the material. Source Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction, 2000, National Reading Panel, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Government