PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report

PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report Purpose This analytical report provides quarterly PCs shipment from the second quarter 2011 to the same quarter 2012. It would allow PC vendors to evaluate and measure their sales performances against their major rivals worldwide. As a result, they would be able to adopt new sales strategies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report provides data on previous shipments of PCs. Therefore, PC manufacturers can use it to predict future PC shipments globally. Summary During the financial period of 2012 in the second quarter, PC shipments declined as compared to the same period the previous year. The general decline was 0.1 percent based on data from the International Data Corporation (IDC). The graph indicates that HP might lose its position to Lenovo. Overall, the market is cautious as innovative products emerge. Thus, new strategies are necessary fo r PC vendors. Outlook Overall, the worldwide PC market experienced a decline in shipments. The IDC noted that the actual results did not match earlier projections of 2.1 percent growth every year. There were limited demands from major PC distribution channels within the first quarter of the year 2012. Most distribution channels did not want to increase their inventories before some PC firms could launch their new products. Consumer apathy had contributed to low purchasing of PCs. They noted that it was not strategic to purchase PCs in a rapidly evolving technology environment. Consumers expected new products in the market. For instance, many waited for the launch of Windows 8. In addition, others did not spend on PCs because of high prices. Demands for PCs have been low in the US and Europe.   However, the wave of low demands increased in other regions like Asia. This marked a dismal performance for the year.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: PCs Unit Ship 2011-2012 From the results, IDC could validate its projections for the second quarter of 2012. IDC had noted that the second quarter was a transition period in which consumers’ anticipation for new products and pricing factors played major roles to slow down PC shipment globally (IDC, 2012). The introduction of new products and operating systems were critical in addressing the slow growth of PC shipments. These would assist distribution channels and consumers to know what to purchase. The Graph HP HP was the top PC vendor worldwide, but it experienced a decline in most regions. Slow market conditions had created unfavorable conditions for HP. In addition, distributors aimed to adapt to market changes. Lenovo The vendor held the second position. However, Lenovo reduced the difference between itself and HP. Analysts believe that the growth of Lenovo would also decline in th e coming quarters. Dell The manufacturer experienced significant declines over the period. Dell’s market shares declined while its target market segments did not perform well.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on PC Unit Shipments Analytical Report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Acer Acer recorded a steady shipment within the quarters. It was able to be ahead of other competitors. Although its European market had recovered, Acer faced declines in demands from other regions. ASUS ASUS has grown steadily over the quarters in most regions. Most of its shipments originated from Asian and EMEA regions. The vendor’s steady growth has spread to other regions too. Regional Outlook The US The US market performed poorly than previously anticipated. It recorded a decline of 10.6 percent. Most vendors and suppliers faced declining demands for PCs. There was no incentive for buyers while others decided to wait for ne w products. Lenovo increased its market share against its major competitor in the US market. It recorded a growth of 6.1 percent in PC shipments. Middle tier distributors are sensitive to market fluctuations because they lack extensive resources to strengthen their positions. EMEA- Europe, the Middle East and Africa EMEA region recorded a positive growth as earlier projected. Economic recovery in Western Europe was responsible for the growth. Central and Eastern Europe led the region as consumers’ demands for PCs increased. However, the growth remained positive but modest. Japan The country experienced a positive growth in the second quarter of 2012 despite poor performance in the first quarter. Most demands emanated from commercial sectors. The effect of the quake could have initiated demands for new PCs to replace the damaged ones. Asia and Pacific region The region experienced a slight decline in demands for PCs. Shipments had declined in India and China. Moreover, other m arkets also recorded slow growths. However, Lenovo performed well in this region.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Audience This analytical report targets product developers and sales departments in various PC firms. Recommendation The report reveals that PC manufacturers face a tough market ahead. Technological, economic, and consumer factors have contributed to declines in demands for PCs. Thus, PC vendors must take the following initiatives: Sales departments must adopt new sales strategies PC manufacturers must create incentive for buyers PC vendors should introduce new competitive products in the market Vendors must look for emerging markets and many distributors in different regions PC manufacturers must be innovative to match changes in technologies Report Conclusion Overall, PC shipment has declined globally. Projections indicate that shipments would decline as economic, technological, and consumer factors change. Consumers have slowed down purchases while distributors want to clear inventories in preparation for new technologies and economic conditions. PC vendors need new strategies in such dynamic markets. Reference IDC. (2012). Global PC Shipments Stalled in the Second Quarter While Buyers Remain Cautious And Market Waits For New Products. Web.

14 Quotes for a Funny Wedding Toast

14 Quotes for a Funny Wedding Toast If youve been asked to give a wedding toast, chances are youre taking your  role seriously. Perhaps too seriously! Often, the best wedding toasts start with a joke, even if they wind up with a sincere wish for the couples future happiness. Why Give a Funny Wedding Toast? Weddings  bring up complicated emotions. For the bride and groom, theres joy along with (in many cases) tremendous anxiety. Sometimes the anxiety is related to the very idea of a permanent commitment; other times its related to aspects of the wedding itself. Will the caterer show up? Will my divorced parents  get into a fight? Will Aunt Jane get drunk and fall into the wedding cake? Similarly, complex emotions come up for parents who are both thrilled and saddened as their child steps into a new role and a new stage of life. Siblings may be delighted, jealous, or even angry about some aspect of the wedding. Best friends may feel left behind. Humor is almost always the best way to break the ice, lower anxiety, and just have fun at a wedding. If youve been asked to give a  wedding toast, chances are you have a close relationship with either the bride, the groom, or both. That means you know which kinds of humor are likely to get a big laugh, and which wont. Funny Wedding Quotes to Choose From Not all of these famous quotes will be right for you, but youll almost certainly find one or two that connect with your particular wedding party! Henny YoungmanThe secret of a happy marriage remains a secret. John MiltonBiochemically, love is just like eating large amounts of chocolate. Henry KissingerNobody will ever win the battle of the sexes. There€s too much fraternizing with the enemy. Cathy CarlyleLove is an electric blanket with somebody else in control of the switch.​ SocratesBy all means, marry; if you get a good wife, youll be happy. If you get a bad one, youll become a philosopher. Rita RudnerI love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your life. Mickey RooneyAlways get married early in the morning. That way, if it doesnt work out, you havent wasted a whole day. Henny YoungmanI take my wife everywhere I go. She always finds her way back. Ralph Waldo EmersonA mans wife has more power over him than the state has. Honore de BalzacThe majority of husbands remind me of an orangutan trying to play the violin. Anne Bancroft The best way to get most husbands to do something is to suggest that perhaps theyre too old to do it. Erma Bombeck Marriage has no guarantees. If thats what youre looking for, go live with a car battery! Anonymous A good marriage is one where each partner secretly suspects they got the better deal. Winston  Churchill My most brilliant achievement was my ability to persuade my wife to marry me.

Standardization of English in the British Isles Coursework

Standardization of English in the British Isles - Coursework Example Standardization of the English language was achievable for Britain soon after the borrowing of numerous vocabularies from its colonies all over the globe. The English utilized by Britain was comprehensive or all-inclusive offering diversity to the language. English was rarely exploited before standardization since other languages such as Latin and Norman French were utilized in various distinctive fields of study and administration. However, the respectability of the English language progressively rose through the years in an attempt to acquire full standards. Standardization of English within the British Isles meant normalization, which is considered containment of any prevalent discretionary variations concerning the grammatical aspects (Trudgill 1984, 32). This implied that standardization could only be accomplished within the written channel.In view of changes that took place in presenting what is considered Standard English numerous restructurings were carried out to bring about these changes. Reconstructing pronunciation, therefore, can be considered, one of the elements that contributed to the standardization of the English language inside the British Isles (Cote 2006, 3). Writers between the 16th and 17th century imparted efforts on pronunciation. Reconstructions were also done on spelling both casual and informal in individual letters in dissimilar dialects.In the past, the populace utilized dialects as forms of interactions in their societal contexts. During this time, little existed about Standard English all over the globe, since the tongue had not been integrated, with other languages, to develop the standard language. Therefore, there existed disparities in spoken English within different societal contexts, due to the existence of diverse dialects for different factions of the populace. Although dialects were as a result of geographical and social incidences. Dialects have been associated markedly with sociolinguistics, which relates to social att itudes. However, with time dialect has lost its value with the emergence of status among the general populace. The dialect lost its value during the years in history when people started gaining identities, and social status leading to the development of more formal language free of dialects. Introduction of Standard English in the British Isles, therefore, became a reality with the subject of identity and social status.

Apply personel experiences to the text assigned and read Essay

Apply personel experiences to the text assigned and read - Essay Example Indeed, the broader aims and objectives of the education are to empower the students to make effective and rational choice in the personal and professional lives. While my personal experience has been contradictory to the ones portrayed by the authors, it has nevertheless, raised many pertinent questions regarding modern education system and the role of teachers, schools and environment. Does our education system really ensure equity amongst the emerging multicultural society and help equips the students with skills to make decisions based on informed choices? Gatto questions the validity of ‘schooling’ and questions whether ‘this deadly routine really necessary’? (71). Yes, it is necessary. It is key facilitating platform that provides one with the learning environment and routine so it could be promote wise use of it in one’s daily life. My father’s insistence on 100% attendance was but to inculcate a routine and an interest in the school activities. The school education helps us to utilize the knowledge gained in constructive manner to improve our lifestyle and living standard. My early education has remained the most significant part of life because it has taught me to explore new vista for improved results. I liked to engage in discussion with my peers and get new perspectives on issues and lessons taught in the class. The habit has become the strongest point of my character. The purpose of education is to exhort the students to apply informed choices in their decision making. Rose emphasizes that ‘through exceptional teachers†¦students learn to develop hypotheses and troubleshoot, reason through a problem, and communicate effectively - the true job skills’ (91). Indeed, good teachers are able to effectively tap the potential of the students. My personal experience corroborates with his view because the very system has taught me to understand the changing social values and helped me to widen my horizon of

Gender Essay Essay Example for Free

Gender Essay Essay During this essay I will be assessing the view that over the recent years the roles of both men and women have changed affecting society and the majority of households. In 1957 Elizabeth Bott as one of the first sociologists to study how the change of leisure, employment and lifestyle affected the roles of husbands and wives. She called these conjugal roles and claimed that there were two main types, segregated and joint. Segregated roles consisted of the splitting of the domestic tasks, where the men took care of the DIY tasks they carried the instrumental role. Womens tasks consisted of the cleaning, the cooking etc. they carried the expressive role. Joint roles meant the domestic labour within a household as distributed evenly. Willmott and Young studied the symmetrical family offering an alternative perspective on conjugal roles, claiming they had become increasingly similar. It appeared that division of labour based on gender was breaking down. Although, many did support this idea their work was challenged by feminist sociologists such as Ann Oakley. She provided some imperial research which dismissed the view of the sharing caring husband. Oakley based her research on interviews in which she had conducted on 40 married women with 1 or more dependant children. It showed that women saw housework and childcare as their prime responsibility and received little help from their husbands. Whereas Willmott and Young had claimed that 72% of men help in the house, this figure indicates that husbands only had to perform one household chore a week. Oakley stated that this is hardly convincing evidence of male domestication and women carried a dual burden, they go to work come home a follow out the domestic labour. However this evidence is 30 years out of date, but it does show that the roles of men and women are gradually moving towards equality and the symmetrical family but are still a long way from it. Fiona Devine conducted a small scale study of car workers families in Luton indicating that mens contribution to domestic labour increased when their wives re-entered paid employment. But the mans role is still secondary; all women remain responsible for childcare and housework where their husbands merely help them. This evidence clearly shows a pure suggestion of division of labour in most household tasks, although the equality and change indicates the tasks are becoming joint due to women working. To help show this trend another piece of research came into focus by Jonathon Gershuny, in which he analysed data from 1974-1987. It showed a gradual increase in the amount of domestic tasks preformed by men, and this increase is greatest when women are in full-time paid employment. Husbands whose wives worked spent double the amount of time cooking and cleaning. Gershuny concludes that women still bear the main burden of domestic labour, and there is a process of lagged adaptation. He thinks it may take up a generation or more until men catch up and make an equal contribution.

Light Saber :: essays papers

Light Saber There was once a young man who set forth to accomplish a great feat. On a quest for enrichment and knowledge his journey led him to an institute of higher learning. There he was to amass an immense amount of knowledge and discover secrets only a small portion of society possessed. But this place was far away†¦ it was a new land of snow-covered hills and a beverage called Busch Light. No longer would he be surrounded by the comforts of Smog,, 7-Elevens’s, and drive-by’s. He prepared for his journey the best he could and equipped himself with but one item to insure his safety and well being should anything happen on his quest. Once in this new land he discovered many groups and social structures. One of these stood out from the rest, this one was not a click of hopeless losers but an organization that stood above the others with ideals and principles that forged its members into the highest quality of men, each a Balanced Man in every aspect of life. He knew this small kingdom in the middle of Pullman was where he needed to flourish to become the person his journey was striving to make him. Eventually he became a part of the brotherhood, learning about his new homes past and traditions he began to realize just how profound a decision he had made and was grateful he was experiencing all he was. One evening he was consuming the sacred drinks of his people, filling his body with fluids such as Skip’N’Go and Busch Light. They were having a great gathering that evening with females from all over coming to pay homage to the mighty SigEp house. A member approached this young man and gave him the responsibility to monitor the entrance of the mighty structure and prevent any men from entering and participating that were not of the brotherhood. It would be a difficult task†¦He knew he would need every advantage available to protect the house and prove his loyalty and worth. He went and retrieved the object he knew he would have to one day use†¦with it no man or beast or law enforcement officer would dare confront him or challenge his refusal to let them enter. He stood at the entrance and rejected countless individuals whom he later discovered were called â€Å"haters†.

Daughter from Danang Essay

In 1975 as the Vietnam War was ending, Mai Thi Kim sent her seven- year-old daughter Mai Thi Hiep, later known as Heidi from that war-torn country to the United States in â€Å"Operation Babylift†. This operation saved many Vietnamese children’s life and gave them an opportunity to grow up and out of post-war chaos. This happened to Heidi, as she explains in the film â€Å"Daughter from Danang†, in which 22 years after she was given up for adoption, decides to go back to Vietnam and meet her biological family. However, the theme of culture shock is explored in depth in Daughter from Danang, as Heidi finds herself adrift in an unfamiliar culture and failing to communicate and the unable to cope with reality. In â€Å"Operation Baby Lift,† many of the children weren’t actual orphans–bereaved of both parents and all other relatives. Most children were told, â€Å"You have to remember who you are,† by mothers and other family members who r elinquished them for adoption into North America. During the episode of â€Å"Operation baby lift†, American women from the adoption agency, who were all white with long blond hair and condescending English spoke to Vietnamese women holding their children, telling them in deliberately slow speech, â€Å"Don’t worry, I’ll give your daughter a good home†. Aslo, in another instance, when a Vietnamese woman decided to give her son to a white woman, she responded, â€Å"You have done a good thing for your son. You should be proud.† White women, presented as â€Å"saviors† came to coax these children from Vietnamese women whose babies were mixed of mixed race. This episode blatantly displays three key concepts of: ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice from chapter 8. The white women from the adoption agency presented an ethnocentric attitude by evaluating the Vietnamese culture, according to the standards of their own culture. These women possessed standardized and simplified conceptions that taking these babies away from their biological parents and birthplace and to America was the best opportunity for them. This episode also display the utilization of stereotyping because these white women have assumed the the biased perspective that America is more advanced and will offer these babies more economic prosperity and opportunities. Here, these white women would be viewed as normal and superior, belonging to the â€Å"in-group†, generally the dominating group that they already associate with, or aspire to join. An out-group is simply all the other groups. They are seen as lesser than or inferior to the in-groups. The language, dialogue, and slow speech towards  the Vietnamese parents on the white women’s behalf also displayed prejudice, which can be characterized as an unfavorable attitude towards a social group and its members. Heidi was one such child that was saved from â€Å"Operation B abylift†. As Heidi’s birth mother, Mai Thi Kim, says that Vietnamese women who gave birth to mixed children – babies who were born from sex between an American military person and a Vietnamese woman – were told that their babies would be taken from them because of their being â€Å"illegitimate† children, soaked in gasoline, and burned alive. Kim was scared of this fate for her daughter, thus giving her up made the most sense to her. Hiep was adopted by a single woman, given the name Heidi, and raised in the South. Not looking very Asian, Heidi was accepted in the community of Pulaski, Tennessee, home of the Ku Klux Klan. Various friends and relatives speak of her upbringing and she herself proudly claims to be 101 percent Americanized. By the time Heidi was in her twenties, Heidi’s relationship with her adoptive mother has ended in a swift and irreparable separation. She decides to search for her Vietnamese mother and the unconditional love she expects to re ceive from her. She also wants to get in touch with her roots. Heidi finally connects with Mai Thi Kim, her birthmother who has been trying to find her for years, through Tran Nhu, a consultant to the original â€Å"Operation Babylift† and a translator. She volunteers to accompany Heidi on the trip back to Vietnam and the reunion with her birth mother in Danang. The first meeting between Heidi and Mai Thi Kim at the Danang Airport is a highly emotional moment for the two women who have not seen each other for 22 years. Heidi is delighted to meet her birth mother and half-brother and half-sisters as well, The reunion continues with elaborate meals and a journey to the place where Heidi was born and the shrine of her deceased ancestors. But she grows more and more ill at ease with Vietnam and the customs of her relatives. Culture shock overtakes her in an episode where she is in a market; she is overwhelmed by the heat, smell of the fish, and high context behaviors and communication. She declares she wants nothing more than to go home as so on as possible. Heidi is seen being suffocated by her biological mother who continuously hugs, kiss her and touch her. In addition, her mother took every opportunity to show Heidi to people living in Danang. The concept of intercultural intimate conflict obstacles is displayed here. Heidi is  conflicted and is uncomfortable to the intimacy of spaces and high-context communication style.This feeling of disconnection from her Vietnamese family continuously grows and comes to a climax in a farewell party where her half brother speaks directly to a subject that Heidi does not want to deal with at all. It was at this moment that Heidi’s â€Å"brother† asked her to send money intermittently back from United States to support her family, saying, â€Å"Now we hope you’ll assume the filial responsibility a child has toward a parent.† This episode displays the key concept of intercultural individualism-collectivism relationship expectations. Heidi fails to understand that obligat ions are at the core of traditional Asian moral codes. She brings an individualistic attitude from America that money matters are best not talked about and can only interfere with genuine family relationship. What rapidly followed was powerful: the first time Heidi was able to express her need for space: â€Å"Don’t touch me! Get away!† through tears, as her brother followed her after she left the kitchen where the request for financial support was posed. Here in this scene, the concept of relationship conflict resolutions occurs. Heidi’s blood relatives in Vietnam react to Heidi’s hurt at the request for money. A male sibling says, â€Å"We’re trying to understand your situation and we hope you’ll try to understand ours. Let’s just be happy. Yes, let’s just be happy. Don’t try to force anything.† Heidi’s biological mother remarks, â€Å"We don’t speak the same language so it’s not clear. What does she know about the Vietnamese notion of love and emotion?†¦She doesn’t understand , it’s not good to force her. She’s still in shock. I’m afraid when she goes back, sheâ €™ll be angry†¦.It’s hard. Poor thing, she thinks I’m asking for money.† Her mother continues, â€Å"And all I know is how much I love her.† Another man in the room chalks it up to, â€Å"This is all just a misunderstanding.†To Heidi, she feels that her family are trying to impose financial obligations onto her being that she is a privileged American woman with a better quality of life. She grows to resent them when she leaves Vietnam. In the end of the film, Heidi is shown back at home in Tennessee, with her two daughters and husband. She seeks comfort in her grandmother’s home, leafing through photographs, looking through the fridge for food. Heidi’s grandmother urges her to re-visit Vietnam, to be open-minded about it. Heidi pushes back, â€Å"But you’re who I know† and confesses in a closing interview to closing the door  on the biological family. References Dolgin, G., Franco, V., Roberts, K., Griffin, B. Q., Pà ©rez, H., Van-Anh T. Vo., WGBH (Television station : Boston, M., & PBS Home Video. (2003). Daughter from Danang. [Alexandria, Va.]: Distributed by PBS Home Video Ting-Toomey, S., & Chung, L. (2012) Understanding intercultural communication, (2nd edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

Historic Perspective of Organizational Theory Essay

Theories pertaining to concepts of management were developed by Max Weber, Henri Fayol, and Elton Mayo. Management is the central component to an organized view on what each theory encompasses, the contributions and how the theories differ and even complementary factors. Individual contributions to management theories impact organizational power as well as the society and state which the ideas are focused. The legacy of theses theories will continue to shape business in the present and future. Organizational theory is designed to understand the nature of the organization. By which organizations can evaluate its overall business by putting the right structure and operate in different ways. Organizational theory also helps us understand how processes such as change and decision making can be managed. It deals with different structures and cultures such as large organizations have different structures and cultures than small ones, and the manufacturing organizations operate in a differe nt way than those in the service sector. (Burton & Obel, 1984) Frederick Taylor composed the principles of scientific management in the early nineteenth century, which marked the beginning of modern management theory (Robbins, 2000). The theory influenced management and has the greatest impact because of the insistence on application of scientific method. Furthermore, managers relied upon instinct and intuition as the source of constructive ides and information but the scientific method provided a formulation for conscious analysis. Max Weber contributed to management theory that within a bureaucratic system the organization was continuous bond of rules and the hierarchical arrangement is where one level was subject to control by the  level above. Bureaucracy lends to the notion of society becoming more integrated and more complex. Organizations have become more dependent on specialists and experts for advice and for influence. In the managerial perspective, democracy is seen as a consequence of elite competition (Alford and Friedland1985,). Henri Fayol, an industrialist divided the management structure into six basic groups, technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial activities. The six categories or groups are not absolute but can be manipulated according to purpose and need. Fourteen general principles of management were developed such as organize, delegate, staff, control, co- ordinate, lead and budget, your organization will prosper with efficiency and effectiveness therefore br inging great productivity. An administrative principle is a major contribution because this creates a narrower process of developing and maintaining procedures. The principle gives clear structure and rules and takes into consideration the changing environment and it applies to the organization, powers, duties and information that sets each organization apart and the basis for which all employees can be trained. A rigid form of rules and power being still govern any organizations so that uniformity can be established. Bureaucratic organizations have become more of a necessary function to the advancement of the economy and society at large because some cities and towns are dependant upon the economic benefits. The advance of large scale corporations with more coordination within markets forces our government to become more bureaucratic because businesses have become informal controllers and dictators. The inevitability of bureaucracies handle increased industrialization reflects the functional emphasis within the concept of management. Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol are both considered classical contributors to management theory. Developers of an expressionist viewpoint during a period when the aim was elevating the standards of management within the industry that was veiled but instead created a balance and established equity (Brodie, 1967). The two theorists provided the few publications and theories on management. Both theories were developed under the same influencing factors such as war, social struggles and industrial revolution (Urwick. 1951, p7), however each developed different management theories and instructions and vantage points. Scientific management and he developed scientific principles of management, focusing on the individual,  rather than the team and aimed to improve efficiency through production-line time studies, breaking each job down into its components and designing the quickest and best methods of performing each component. Fayol provided insight on the human reaction and identified needs of the individually and that work can be tailored based on intelligence, background and abilities. Taylor focused on the total organization rather than the individual worker, outlining the management functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. The theories proposed by Fayol and Mayo differ greatly in all areas. Fayol concentrated on management functions and attempted to generate a boarder perspective and on principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities and looked at an organization as a whole (Scott, 1992). Mayo focused on motivation techniques and individual satisfaction. Fayol directed attention on areas such as the production process and adjusted humans to this process, versus Mayo’s human relations approach emphasized the coordination of human and social elements in an organization by following concept such as * Consultation, * Participation * Communication and leadership. The employee of an organization is seen as a machine in Fayol’s theory rather than an important part of the organization. Employee’s needs according to Mayo are based on the idea that workers are happy they will be more productive. Theories proposed by Fayol and Mayo differ greatly in all areas. Fayol emphasized management functions and attempted to generate broad administrative principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities (Scott, 1992) and looked at an organization as a whole. Mayo focused on motivation techniques and individual satisfaction. Fayol emphasized the production process and adjusted humans to this process that included relational approach emphasized the coordination of human and social element. Characteristics of bureaucracy Weber believed that all large organizations would over time assume more bureaucratic characteristics. These characteristics were one a high degree of division of labor, two a hierarchy of authority, three the  use of formal written documents and files, 4 the expert training of organizational members, five decisions guided by written rules and procedures, and 6 an impersonality in human relationships. Division of Labor: The organization, according to Weber, was broken down into separate units with their areas of responsibility officially established by organizational policy. Similar to Administrative Management’s concept of departmentalization, Weber proposed that such specialization by organizational units led to greater efficiency. The people involved would only need to be trained in a limited area of knowledge. They could learn their jobs faster and thus perform more efficiently. 2. Hierarchy of Authority. Like Fayol, Weber noted that when the organization was divided into separate units, their activities needed to be coordinated by a hierarchy of graded levels of authorit y. This authority, according to Weber, was rational-legal, resting on a belief by the members of the organization that those people occupying higher positions had a right to issue commands to those occupying lower levels. The authority resided in the legally established and impersonal â€Å"offices† (job positions), not in the people themselves. Weber contrasted this rational form of authority with the non-bureaucratic traditional authority based upon loyalty to the person of the chief or monarch. In order for an organization to continue operating for many years, it must become somewhat independent not only of the people who founded it, but also of the people who managed its activities. The extensive use of formal, written documents in everyday activity and a sophisticated filing system was the characteristic giving the bureaucratic organization certain immortality. People could come and go in specific jobs over time but the bureaucratic organization continued to function efficiently with minimal problems. The knowledge of past events, along with the power that it conveyed, belonged to the specific position (in the filing cabinet) and was only temporarily used by the person holding the position . Anyone new to a particular position could learn what actions had been taken and decisions made by the previous person in the job by going to the relevant files. Expert Training: Weber envisioned that the specialization of positions would enable people to be trained more thoroughly in a narrow range of activities. Employees would be hired and promoted based upon merit and expertise. Decisions and Operations Guided By  Written Rules and Procedures. A key characteristic of bureaucracy was the idea that an organization’s employees followed written rules, which were assumed to be generally stable. The use of rules and procedures made the organization more efficient because they made people’s behavior more predictable and reliable. Rules served not only to make the organization independent of any one individual over time, but also to ensure that actions and decisions made in different parts of the organization were consistent at any given time. Human variability was reduced. In any given set of circumstances, anywhere or anytime in the organization, the same decision would be made and the same actions taken as long as the rules wer e followed. Impersonality from Weber’s point of view, the very impersonality of bureaucracy was a significant improvement over earlier forms of organization. By applying rules and controls impersonally, involvement with personalities and personal preferences was avoided. Employees and customers of a bureaucracy were not considered as individuals but as members of categories. This helped to ensure fair and unbiased treatment according to law — the policies and standard procedures of the organization. Managers were constrained by the same impersonal network of rules as were their subordinates. Actions and decisions could no longer be justified on the basis of personal opinion or on tradition. Bureaucratic Management based on Weber’s description of bureaucracy has been criticized by a number of scholars in the area; there is agreement that he made a significant impact on the field of management and the study of organizations. Unlike Fayol, however, Weber did not recommend a new system of management for others to follow and imitate. Merely described what he saw as the inevitable movement by organizations to become increasingly bureaucratic over time. An over developed bureaucratic mechanism in comparison with other organizations conflicts with the non-mechanical modes of production and allows dominance and could cause a monopoly. Legacy of Traditional Management Traditional Management, as it is now known, was formed out of Scientific Management, Administrative Management, and Bureaucratic Management. By the mid-twentieth century, the use of Scientific Management techniques and Administrative Management principles within a rationally structured bureaucratic organization became the accepted way of managing large organizations. Based upon some key assumptions from classical economics regarding economic man, division of labor, and profit maximization, the concepts, techniques, and prescriptions of Traditional Management succeeded in producing a large number of standardized products and serving a large number of customers with similar needs. Traditional Management seemed incapable of dealing effectively with changing conditions. The best of traditional management found themselves, in the second half of the twentieth century, floundering in the face of more flexible competition with different ideas of managing. The use of traditional management’s prescriptions and techniques resulted in dysfunctional as well as functional consequences for organizational performance. The functional consequences outweighed the dysfunctional consequences; organizations following the traditional approach were very successful. In the early 1900s in North America and Europe, for example, business corporations operated very efficiently and made huge profits selling valued products and services. The dysfunctional consequences present at that time were too few in number and too small in size to overwhelm the vast amount of functional consequences. For example, the epitome of Scientific Management, Henry Ford’s moving assembly line, created jobs in the 1920s for thousands of unskilled workers at double ($5/day) the current wage for similar work. It produced the first automobile affordable by the average person. The jobs may have been monotonous, but worker boredom did not keep the Model T and the Ford Motor Company from becoming a great success story. As time passed, however, and Traditional Management became more institutionalized in large organizations, the dysfu nctional consequences began to increase in number and in size. Organizational performance and productivity increased at a fast rate from 1900 to 1950. After 1950, however, the rate of performance improvement began to slow. An increasing use of Scientific Management assembly lines and bureaucratic procedures appeared to result in less and less of a performance increase. Like heroin, increasing the use of Traditional Management practices seemed to result in a smaller amount of desirable outcomes. It is suggested here that the continued and even increasing use of Traditional Management practices without significant modification in the face of a fast-changing world contributed to the decline in organizational performance. The  dysfunctional consequences of Traditional Management began to accumulate to such an extent that they finally outweighed the functional consequences. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency stopped improving and profits began to decline in the face of aggressive Japanese competition The concept that has the greatest utility by Traditional Management on standardization of the production process as well as the product meant that there could be no room for human variability. The emphasis on rules, principles, and the â€Å"one best way† meant that the behavior of employees must be uniform and predictable if maximum efficiency was to be attained. The basic assumption underlying Traditional Management about the motivation of people stemmed from the concept of economic man. People were expected to behave rationally. Rational people were supposedly motivated by their own economic self-interest. Weber and Fayol did not directly emphasize economic incentives, traditional management generally assumed that employees wanted to earn the most money for the least work. Traditional Management expected employees to be motivated to do very specialized standardized jobs simply because of the workers’ strong need for money. Bibliography Brodie, M. (1967) Fayol on Administration. Mowbray & Co, Oxford. Burton, R. M. & Obel, B. (1984) Designing Efficient Organizations: Modeling and Experimentation, North Holland, Amsterdam Robbins, S.P., Bergman. Stagg, I & Coulter, M. (2000), Management, (2nd Edn) Prentice Hall Scott, W. R. (1992). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Australia Pry Ltd Taylor, F. (1947) scientific management: comprising Shop management. The principles of scientific management and Testimony before the special House committee. Harper, New York. Urwick, L., Brech, E. (1951) The Making of Scientific Management. Pitman & Sons, London.

Business Case Argumentative Essay †English

Business Case Argumentative Essay – English Free Online Research Papers Business Case Argumentative Essay English The company in the business case believes that by lowering the amount of parental leave to the legal minimum, they will have happy, productive employees. However there are a few problems with their reasoning. For one, they claim that the stress of choosing how much time to take off adversely affects the employee. Also, they believe that employees who spend more time at work are more loyal to the company, but offer nothing to back that claim up. Finally, they define happy and productive as ultra-loyal, ultra-achieving. Is this what makes everyone happy? Lets take a look at these statements. The company says that by relieving the employee of the decision of how much time to take off, they will relieve stress that could adversely affect the employee, both at home and at the office. Is making this decision really so burdensome? I dont believe so, especially when compared to the stress of having a new baby at home. One would think this would be the least of the employees worries! Also, the employee may now be faced with a whole new set of problems relating to not having enough time at home with the baby, such as finding child care for such a young baby, and leaving the baby all day without the mother or baby being ready. These situations could cause much more stress than the simple one of how much time to take off. The company also claims that those employees who spend more time at the company are more loyal. Perhaps it is indeed the case that the more loyal employees spend more time at the office, but is the reverse true? They offer no proof. By taking a major life decision out of the employee’s control, the company may cause resentment and lower the workers loyalty. Their loyalty may also be lowered by the company lessening a benefit that had previously been granted. Finally, the statement says at the same time that this change will create happier and more productive workers, but at the same time ultra-loyal, ultra-achieving employees. While this may indeed be the companys idea of happy and productive, I doubt that every employee would be happiest as an ultra-achiever. Although some people do make their job the most important thing in their life, and put most of their time and energy into it- and receive most of their fulfillment from it- I dont think the same can be said for everyone. Some people have interests outside work, such as travel or a hobby. These people will not be made happier by being forced to spend more time at work. This basic assumption is flawed. Also, it leaves out the large group of people for which family is the most important thing in their life- the very people that this decision will negatively affect. These people will not be made happier by being an ultra-achieving employee; they would be made happier by having more time home with their children. So one can see the companys statement is making a lot of assumptions that are not being backed up- is the decision of how much time to take off for parental leave really adding that much stress to workers lives? Are people who are forced to spend more time at work really going to be more loyal to the company? And will this decision really make these ultra-achieving employees happy? I dont believe the company has made a good case for itself. Research Papers on Business Case Argumentative Essay - EnglishNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office System19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Free Essays on Sauls Conversion

The Damascus Road Experience I decided to do my paper on Acts 9:1 though Acts 9:9. I chose this passage because I believe it made a huge difference in Christianity. After his experience on the road, Paul became one of the most influential men in the Bible. He also wrote two- thirds of the New Testament. Paul was one of the most intelligent men of his time. This is why his conversion was so important. Luke wrote this book. It was written around 62 A.D. This was a letter originally written to Theophilus. The purpose of writing to Theophilus was to give him greater insight into the origins of Christianity. It is thought that he was a converted Gentile. This miraculous event occurred on the road to Damascus. Saul was a member of the Sanhedrin. It was the middle of the day, and Gods light shined brighter than the sun. The bright light blinded Paul, maybe to show him his blindness in persecution. Paul was blown away when he heard â€Å" I am Jesus, whom you persecute†. Because he experienced this event himself, there was no way he could deny it. He understood that this vision was from the God he had been trying to serve, only to learn that he had badly misunderstood God. He saved Saul just in time. He was taking orders from the high priest of the Sanhedrin, which gave him, power to extradite all Christians who had fled due to persecution. Saul was known as the most zealous representative of the Jewish community when it came to persecution. Saul believed he was being religious and doing the right thing in persecuting Christians. The main theme is salvation, plain and simple. The Lord saved Paul from a life of sin. In turn, The Lord also saved many lives by reversing Paul’s beliefs when he did. Who knows how many would have died if Paul and his entourage would have killed in Damascus. This is how the passage goes according to me: Saul was talking about abusing and murdering Christians. He goes to the boss to ask for the pa... Free Essays on Saul's Conversion Free Essays on Saul's Conversion The Damascus Road Experience I decided to do my paper on Acts 9:1 though Acts 9:9. I chose this passage because I believe it made a huge difference in Christianity. After his experience on the road, Paul became one of the most influential men in the Bible. He also wrote two- thirds of the New Testament. Paul was one of the most intelligent men of his time. This is why his conversion was so important. Luke wrote this book. It was written around 62 A.D. This was a letter originally written to Theophilus. The purpose of writing to Theophilus was to give him greater insight into the origins of Christianity. It is thought that he was a converted Gentile. This miraculous event occurred on the road to Damascus. Saul was a member of the Sanhedrin. It was the middle of the day, and Gods light shined brighter than the sun. The bright light blinded Paul, maybe to show him his blindness in persecution. Paul was blown away when he heard â€Å" I am Jesus, whom you persecute†. Because he experienced this event himself, there was no way he could deny it. He understood that this vision was from the God he had been trying to serve, only to learn that he had badly misunderstood God. He saved Saul just in time. He was taking orders from the high priest of the Sanhedrin, which gave him, power to extradite all Christians who had fled due to persecution. Saul was known as the most zealous representative of the Jewish community when it came to persecution. Saul believed he was being religious and doing the right thing in persecuting Christians. The main theme is salvation, plain and simple. The Lord saved Paul from a life of sin. In turn, The Lord also saved many lives by reversing Paul’s beliefs when he did. Who knows how many would have died if Paul and his entourage would have killed in Damascus. This is how the passage goes according to me: Saul was talking about abusing and murdering Christians. He goes to the boss to ask for the pa...

Savage Inequalities in American Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Savage Inequalities in American Schools - Essay Example The huge amounts of garbage are burnt due to insufficient funds available for vacuuming out the garbage and inadequate manpower. Kozol also discovers that schooling has taken a backseat in the city with children simply not aware of their grades and their school timings. A group of children whom the author caught up narrate, in their innocent ways, incidences of violence and hate that is brewing across the city. East St.Louis also has a distinction of a highest number of fetal deaths in the whole of Illinois due to insufficient maternity care. In addition there is also the widely increasing number of children with dental problems, malnutrition and underimunized children. The city also witnesses constant closure of schools due to sewage overflow and has lain off several teachers which has had a devastating effect on the students. While the governor maintains that there is money flow within the community and it is not spent wisely, other government officials have said that it is quite i mpossible for the city to come out of the present circumstances on its own. The educational system has taken a beating with a large number of teachers being sent home with only sports and other vocational activities left for the children to take up. Even these facilities have been affected owing to insufficient funds and highly unsuitable working areas. The school labs do not have basic water facilities and teachers who are coping with what is available, mainly due to their interest to serve, have voiced that they feel truly deprived of the amenities that exists in modern schools. The facilities in a school regarded as a top school is no better either and one of the student even talks about the irony associated with a school named after Martin Luther King but which has only black children. Kozol draws a striking contrast between these schools and another school in New York where students have a comfortable space and good amenities and the teachers

Mayos Theory of Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mayos Theory of Management - Coursework Example At present, ethical issues have evolved as an essential component of corporate responsibility that business houses are not allowed to avoid (Conjecture Corporation, 2011). Mayo’s theory of management and its related issues have been proved to be directly impacting the business’ performances as it helps in satisfying stakeholders’ demands with respect to monetary benefits. On the other hand, keeping the workers unknown about the changes in working environment is not a good idea towards adhering to the ethical practices because workers are also important stakeholders of the businesses (Draper, 2010). Hiding information about the workplace changes by the managers will directly impact upon the relationship of trust between managers and workers. Precision or maintaining transparency with the workers by the managers is probably the best method of building and sustaining the trust. In the case of keeping the workers unknown about changes for increasing their productivity, managers can be accused of not being transparent towards their workers (Sims, 1992). Moreover, the managers can also be accused of not respecting the workers’ work if they hide information about the workplace from the workforce. When the workers come to know about the changes in their working environment after their performances being evaluated, they can develop distrust about their managers as a result of which it might lead to adverse consequences in the future (Huffmon, 2011). Thirdly, the managers can be accused of not following the modern mode of working as team within the organization. The charges against the manger can arise from the workforce who was kept unknown by them about the workplace changes (Huffmon, 2011). The consequences of the above measures toward workers from the part of the managers can ultimately distract the social system, which is believed to be created (evident from the conclusion of the Hawthorne experiment).